Censorship of Electronic Communication Systems Essay

Communication system of society is changing rapidly with the time. In ancient ages people use to communicate with shouting. If people are much more apart from one another the letter writing was the only means of communication just before 500 years. Due to rapid development of science, now a days a message can be passed to millions of people who all are scattered in whole world by a simple electronic communication system. Due to electronic communication devices true as well as false message can be spread to the people with in short time, this may cause negative impact on society and country. For shake of betterment sometime it is necessary to censor some of the news, ideas, books etc in the electronic communication. Electronic Communication. Every day, in our work and in our leisure time, we come in contact with and use a variety of modern communication systems and communication media, the most common being the telephone, radio, television, and the Internet. Through these media we are able to communicate (nearly) instantaneously with people on different continents, transact our daily business, and receive information about various developments and events of note that occur all around the world. Electronic mail and facsimile transmission have made it possible to rapidly communicate written messages across great distances. Facebook, twiter, Hi5, blogs, online radio, online newspaper etc are the easiest way to spread a news or rumor. Censorship. Censorship — the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society — has been a hallmark of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the examination of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of altering or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive. The rationales for censorship have varied, with some censors targeting material deemed to be indecent or obscene; heretical or blasphemous; or seditious or treasonous. Thus, ideas have been suppressed under the guise of protecting three basic social institutions: the family, the church, and the state. Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient as determined by a government, media outlet, or other controlling body. It can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship. It occurs in a variety of different contexts including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of reasons including national security, to control obscenity, child pornography, and hate speech, to protect children, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel. It may or may not be legal. Many countries provide strong protections against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute and it is frequently necessary to balance conflicting rights in order to determine what can and cannot be censored. Example of Censorship: 1. Mobile network coverage was not allowed in Chittagong hill districts for insurgency problem. Insurgents and miscreants used to communicate with each other and operate against general people. 2. Censorship is also imposed on social media like facebook, tweeter, YouTube in many Muslim country like Syria, Pakistan , Bangladesh, Indonesia etc for protesting against disrespect to their beloved prophet. 3. People below 18 years are not allowed to watch or visit some of the adult site or web/books. 4. Recently in our country its one of the hot topic .Some blogger insulted our beloved prophet through the blog. To stop violation among people Bangldesh government stop some of the blogs. Benefits of Censorship It is evident that the hotly debated issue concerning media censorship is hardly started, especially in today’s ever changing media. With the ever changing medial rules and regulations, media authorities are always on their toes with regards to evaluating what is fit for publication or broadcast. This article aims at highlighting both the pros and cons of censorship. 1. National Issue: a. In present days a country involve in developing nuclear weapon impasses ban on telecasting or broadcasting any news regarding nuclear weapon subject. b. A scandal or spreading obnoxious picture of very high official of the country needs a immediate censorship on electronic midea. 2. Censorship on news: During martial law special censorship is done in print and electronic media. 3. Protects young children. The most obvious benefit of censorship includes radical regulations aimed at protecting children from obscene content. Moreover, media censorship help prevent hate speech and other organizations that spread hate ideologies. By filtering media content, parents are sure that their children are safe from obscene content. 4. Upholds social value Internet censorship, on the other hand suppresses the sharing of information to such an extent that some websites are not accessible. In fact, some countries from different parts of the world have installed internet/media censorship to help keep the values and tradition restored/ or alive. With that said, media censorship plays an essential role in safeguarding moral and social value in the society. 5. Protects against sexism and racism We are all familiar with the saying that our children are future leaders. Many folks have devoted their time to molding their children’s ‘’future’’. Since children learn from their peers and what they see on television, media censorship aims to protect them against sexism, racism and segregation. That way, children are raised well and with admirable social values.

Peace †from what source.? Essay

On 28 June 1914 a hand grenade was rolled beneath a car travelling in a motorcade in the city of Sarajevo in Yugoslavia. The grenade missed its intended target and exploded beneath the following car, injuring several people. The first car continued on its way and the occupants attended a welcome ceremony at the Sarajevo Town Hall. Just a short time later, the VIPs from the first car decided to visit the injured ones who had been taken to the local hospital. On the way there the car stalled, this provided an opportunity for another assassin to shoot and kill the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the Heir to the Austrian Empire and his wife Sophie. These assassinations began a short series of events that led to the start of the Great War – now more commonly called World War 1. This war was so named because it involved countries right around the world. Although centred on Europe, the effects of the War were felt around the world, in fact every inhabited continent had countries involved. The First World War is recognized as a turning point in History. It was the first war where major technological advances contributed to huge casualties. The use of tanks – planes – submarines – huge fighting ships and deadly gas all provided evidence that the modern weapons of War were now so destructive. The devastating effects of World War 1 brought great attention to the  question of global peace. For the first time in history it is recognized that wars between Nations can involve and affect inhabitants of the entire earth. This destructive threat to world peace was continued in the Second World War. Powerful weapons were developed that culminated in the ultimate weapon – the Nuclear bomb. The nuclear bomb has also spawned another close relative. The so-called â€Å"dirty bomb†. This is a deadly device that can spread radiation or a toxic bacteria over thousands of kilometers perhaps killing millions at once – a terrible weapon of war. But it’s not just nations at war that can use these weapons. Terrorists have now become a huge threat to worldwide peace – and the terrifying fact that just one bomb can kill millions of people has awakened an awareness that Global Peace is imperative for the continued future of mankind. The American Historian and Writer Arthur Schlesinger makes a point about the changing nature of the threat to world peace. He wrote at the turn of the last century; â€Å"One set of hatreds replaces another. Lifting the iron grip of ideological repression in Eastern Europe and the ex-Soviet Union releases pent-up ethnic, nationalist, religious, and linguistic antagonisms deeply rooted in history and in memory. . . . If the 20th century has been the century of the warfare of ideologies, the 21st century begins as the century of the warfare of ethnicities.† The respected magazine †The Atlantic Monthly† summarises its forecasts for the decades to come; â€Å"Nations break up under the tidal flow of refugees from environmental and  social disaster. . . . Wars are fought over scarce resources, especially water, and war itself becomes continuous with crime, as armed bands of stateless marauders clash with the private security forces of the elites.† Nations or terrorists don’t even need a deadly weapon or vial of bacteria to start an apocalyptic style confrontation anymore. All that’s required is one of these†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and malicious software designed to disrupt Yes – cyber-tage can start a global war. In fact special malware has already been used by Governments to disrupt vital electronics facilities of rival nations. Governments have even proudly acknowledged their use of this type of sabotage. We could discuss the weapons and means that threaten worldwide peace for a long time. We all know these threats are real and as they say, present. But what about our efforts to curb or even eliminate all threats to peace? What are the measures and steps that have been taken by Governments and Organisations? To eliminate conflicts and bring word peace? 5.00 2 GLOBAL PEACE NOT ATTAINABLE THROUGH HUMAN EFFORTS What has been noted by Historians and scholars has been the effect of WW1 on World Peace. Since the end of that war there has been numerous attempts by mankind to put in place systems to prevent conflicts and ensure we can live in a worldwide peace. Yet can anyone say we live in a peaceful world? Well no we do not. Is it because mankind has lacked effort in trying to make a lasting Peace? Perhaps we can examine efforts to create a worldwide peace but before we do so lets just see what the Bible has to say about man controlling his own  destiny. If we can turn to Jeremiah 10:23 Another scripture we can examine echoes this theme Ecclesiastes 8:9 So we can see that the Bible questions the ability of humans to control their own destiny. Well these words were written thousands of years ago – so what has History proven about our ability to bring about worldwide peaceful conditions for mankind. Modern History is littered with Treaties and Peace Agreements†¦ yet we still live in a World dominated by unrest, conflict and †¦.war. The Treaty of Versailles was the first treaty signed after the end of the First World War and it was a peace settlement between the main combatants in that war. The Treaty though had contentious and controversial points and the politicians of the day knew they urgently needed something else– anything – to bring stability to the world. The League of Nations was then created in1919. The Leagues’ task was simple – to ensure that war never broke out again. The League of Nations was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, was to prevent wars through collective security and disarmament, and settle international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. The League was also tasked with improving labour conditions, ensuring just treatment of native inhabitants, preventing human and drug trafficking  slowing the arms trade, promoting global health, protecting prisoners of war, and the protection of minorities in Europe And after the turmoil caused by the Versailles Treaty, many looked to the League to bring stability to the world. However the League of Nations was unable to bring peace to the world. During its existence, there were wars between Russia and Poland, wars between the Baltic States, between Italy and Albania and then of course the League could not prevent the Second World War. Between the two Great Wars political alliances were made and broken, Peace agreements were made †¦. then broken, treaties weren’t worth the paper they were written on. So one could say the League failed to achieve it’s adjectives. No-one could dispute that The Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini said of the League of Nations†¦.. that †¦.†the League is very well when sparrows shout, but no good at all when eagles fall out.† That is – it was toothless when it came to making big decisions, especially between nations on the verge of war. Following WW2 and the failure of the League of Nations there was again a call for an organisation that could assure world peace†¦. And so the new organisation the United Nations was born in October 1945. I’d just like to take a moment to read from The UN’s charter. The Purposes of the United Nations are: To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; To achieve  international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nati ons in the attainment of these common ends. What about the founders and leaders in the United Nations? What is their take on how successful the organisation has been for global peace? The UN recently celebrated a major anniversary of over 50 years of existence on the UN. One leading Member the president of Finland had this to say; â€Å"Do we live today in a better world than we did 40 years ago? Is there now less violence and warfare? Is there less human suffering in the world? Do the nations feel more secure and confident in their future?† An Online encyclopedia has this to say about the UN: Criticism of the United Nations has been ideologically diverse, although much of it is focused on the UN’s †¦.. inability to handle international conflicts, even on a small scale In 2004, former ambassador to the UN Dore Gold published a book called Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos. The book criticized what it called the organization’s moral relativism in the face of (and occasional support of) genocide and terrorism that occurred between the moral clarity of its founding period and the present day. While the UN during its founding period was limited to those nations that declared war on at least one of the Axis powers of World War II, and thus were capable of taking a stand against evil, the modern United Nations has, according to Gold, become diluted to the point where only 75 of the 184 member states during the time of the book’s publication â€Å"were free democracies, according to Freedom House.† He further claimed that this had the effect of tipping the scales of the UN so that the organization as a whole was more amenable to the requirements of dictatorships. The UN General Assembly decided to hold a moment of silence in honor of North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il following his death in 2011. Western diplomats criticized the decision. â€Å"An  official at the Czech Republic’s UN mission said the Czechs did not request a similar moment of silence for Vaclav Havel, the playwright-turned-dissident who died† a day after Kim Even organisised crime has cause great concern in the corridors of Power of the the United Nations Evidence is now mounting that criminal groups are spreading their influence worldwide. For years organized crime, with its â€Å"crime families,† has had its links between Italy and the United States. But now UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali has warned that â€Å"organized crime on a transnational scale . . . scoffs at frontiers and becomes a universal force.† He said: â€Å"In Europe, in Asia, in Africa and in America, the forces of darkness are at work and no society is spared.† He also said that â€Å"transnational crime . . . undermines the very foundations of the international democratic order. It poisons the business climate, corrupts political leaders and undermines human rights. It can’t be denied that that the UN has failed in It’s primary objective to attain world peace. It fact many true Christians feel as the prophet Jeremiah wrote thousands of years age†¦ Jeremiah 8:15 a hoping for peace, but no good [came];+ for a time of healing, but, look! terror!+ Jeremiah wrote about the failure of peace in Judah but his prophetic words for his people then still ring true today. Why would that be so ?†¦ a hoping for peace, but no good [came];+ for a time of healing, but, look! terror!+ We are intelligent beings†¦.we seem to have a natural inclination to – on the whole- help those less fortunate than ourselves so why and where have we failed over the thousands of years? Did you know the Bible has the answer for mankind’s failure to bring about world peace? Let’s turn to a very salient scripture that really is at the heart of our discussion today. We can find this scripture at 1 John 5:19 19 We know we originate with God,+ but the whole world is lying in the [power of the] wicked one.+ So what does that mean? It means that Satan is in control of this world and has been since 1914, this control that Satan has can be elaborated upon in another discussion but Bible prophecy has indicated that since the year 1914 – and not coincidently when WW1 broke out – Satan has overseen the degrading and peaceless world conditions we witness today. Surely you say though that not all can be fooled. There are plenty of intelligent men and women who trust in the power of man to bring about world peace? We looked at some politicians statements..what about some religious leaders? The Catholic Pope. Leader of millions of catholics around the world, how does he and his predecessors view the UN as a tool for peace. Well as far bac as 1965, after Pope Paul VI visited the United Nations, to read that he had said he had said: â€Å"The peoples of earth turn to the United Nations as the last hope of concord and peace† And more recently the current Catholic pope visited the UN and said Well recently the Pope put all his support behind a solution to peace initialled by the UN Recent quote from this year: The Vatican said the discussions referred to the November 29 UN vote upgrading the Palestinians to the same status as the Holy See: non-member state observer.†¨The Vatican had warmly welcomed the vote, and a Vatican statement said â€Å"it is hoped that this initiative will encourage the commitment of the international community to finding a fair and lasting  solution† to the conflict. The 193-nation General Assembly overwhelmingly approved a resolution to upgrade the Palestinian Authority’s observer status at the United Nations from â€Å"entity† to â€Å"non-member state,† the same status as the Vatican. The Vatican welcomed the resolution, which amounted to an implicit recognition of a Palestinian state. So though decades of failures the major co-called Christian church in the world still puts its faith in a flawed man-made organisation. Even the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of millions of Tibetans, mainly respected around the world, – how does he think world wide peace will come about Well he too is a supporter of the UN but he also makes an interesting point; He recently said; global peace starts with personal peace. We can start eliminating conflict if we work to eliminate anger and hatred as well as other negative emotions within ourselves. By cultivating peace within ourselves, in our families, in the community, we contribute to world peace. ..and that is true isn’t it. Although his trust remains with the UN he recognizes that if we do not have peace within our family, – within our community – or within our town – then how can man achieve global peace? Again it’s time to turn to the Bible our one constant of wisdom that hasn’t changed over the centuries. In this case lets turn to a scripture many Jehovah’s Witnesses are familiar with; 2 Corinthians 4:4 4 among whom the god* of this system of things*+ has blinded the minds* of the unbelievers,+ that the illumination*+ of the glorious good news+ about the Christ,* who is the image+ of God, might not shine through.+ That is really a statement that holds true today just as much as it was written thousands of years go. Satan – Jehovah’s Adversary – a spiritual creature that is now in his role as the God of This System – has actively blinded the minds of imperfect humans. In fact his role was also predicted many years ago – even from the first century ce . Revelation 12:9 9 So down the great dragon+ was hurled, the original serpent,+ the one called Devil+ and Satan,+ who is misleading the entire inhabited earth;*+ he was hurled down to the earth,+ and his angels were hurled down with him. We don’t have time to discuss the reasons why Satan has been allowed by Jehovah to continue to mislead mankind – that’s for another discussion – but the fact is Jehovah’s wisdom and law allowed a time period for Satan to challenge God’s Sovereignty. If God then has allowed this why doesn’t he intervene so save His followers from man-made destruction? Well we can be assured that Jehovah has provided a contingency plan. And this is through His Kingdom rule.

Causes And Ways Of Diminishing The Low Per Capita Income

Causes And Ways Of Diminishing The Low Per Capita Income Since joblessness has changed into an essential issue in Pakistan, which plainly or circuitous makes financial issues. Tolerating, regardless, assets are extremely used as a piece of Pakistan, this issue can be killed. A considerable measure of creating is open on the point, featuring various causes and results with respect to expanding rate of joblessness. Different examinations investigated determinants of joblessness. Two or three examinations utilized Micro fiscal orchestrated and others utilized Macroeconomic parts of joblessness. These examinations handled made, energetic and making nations. Different hypothetical models are utilized for surveying the determinants of joblessness. The journey for work indicate was appeared by Mortensen (1970) and Lippman and McCall (1976). As indicated by this show, the joblessness relies on work offer and occupation attestation. The development offer stores of work, rule, work understanding and the request state of neighborhood. Acero (1993) proposed a few segments of joblessness. She conveyed that different parts couldnt be called attention to by a neoclassical point of view. A few these parts are identified with veritable excursion for new work. She said that the development highlight continues changing itself as experts change work. In any case, when these developments take quite a while by virtue of the heterogeneity of work oblige and the openings for work, nonattendance of perfect data or the cost of setting we up, need to confront issues. When we leave individuals jobless for quite a while, it likewise makes issues. Particular sections are wage unfaltering nature, the impact of workers affiliation and work authorizing. Assaad et al. (2000) definitely inspected assorted determinants of joblessness in Egypt. The work market of Egypt is keeping from explore from high wide joblessness, where joblessness is prevailing with reliable rate. Examination uncovers that the informed female part is being influence d than that of male accessories by the progress to a private division economy. The female have some issue to enter in the activity highlight, particularly in private piece. They recommend that there is unfathomable arrangement air that is honest to goodness for work concentrated strategies, experts sorted out associations would adjust the new contenders into the work broadcast. Kalim (2003) wore out determinants of joblessness in Pakistan. She isolates the quantifiable relationship between joblessness, individuals change and true blue headway rate of GDP. There is a constructive relationship among joblessness and individuals and an opposite relationship among joblessness and GDP over a time of 1986-1999. A basic fall away from the faith is used to discover the outcomes. She expected that masses change rate in Pakistan is unimaginably high when showed up distinctively in connection to other making nations. On the work front, it has been discovered that a broad number of work oblige stay jobless. Both GDP and individuals are bona fide supporters of joblessness in the economy. Echebiri (2005) oversaw determinants of joblessness in Umuahia whats more, Pakistan. Umuahia has a speedier masses change rate so the greater part of work oblige isnt utilized. The instance of 220 youths was drawn from zones with moving private setups and found that pre-grown-up joblessness in the town conceded standard credits to that assembled in different assorted urban systems really taking shape scene. Rule and work propensity have a provoke relationship with joblessness. It was especially discovered that greater bit of the jobless and first time work searchers favored salaried work to self-governing work. The adolescents showed that they hate the country residency on the grounds that there is nonappearance of work openings and poor social and physical foundations. Akhtar and Shahnaz (2005) correspondingly evaluated the determinants of youth joblessness utilizing information from 1991 to 2004. In 1990 there is high joblessness because of low GDP and meander. They oversaw both little scale moreover, sweeping scale determinants of youth joblessness issues in Pakistan. In the first place, joblessness of youth just starts to diminish if the yearly change rate of Gross family unit thing is more fundamental than 4.25 percent for consistently. Second, the headway rate of associations parcel GDP has more fundamental effect on lessening female joblessness. Third, the private area hypothesis has more basic effect than open locale set out to decrease youth joblessness. Family little scale level information demonstrated that limit acquisition and master arranging have no effect on business. Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan is around 532 million dollars in 2012, whereas the GDP improvement rate of the country is around 3.7 percent, which has reliably d eclined over the earlier decade. It is a making country and is standing up to different social issues including joblessness being one of the genuine one. The joblessness rate in Pakistan is around 5.55 percent. There are different segments that impact the joblessness rate in Pakistan. The illustrative factors under examination are Population Growth Rate (PGR), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Poverty Rate (PR), Interest Rate (IR) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Studies have been directed to grasp the joblessness of Pakistan, at any rate there still exist a need to find the associations of each one of these components with each other. This can give bits of information to the approach makers to devise frameworks for national growth. In Pakistan there are impressive measures of factors that impact unemployment. Pakistan economy by and large depends upon agribusiness portion that contribute 20.9% in GDP and 43.5% people used in that part where male extent is 34.9% and 74.2% females. In nation region extent of business is higher as appear differently in relation to urban zone that is 35.97% all around and concerning sexual introduction 22.49% male and 13.48% females work in agribusiness part. Backwardness around there causes higher job. Schoeman et al. (2008) audited the determinants of joblessness in South Africa. They utilized the tremendous scale financial parts, real change standard whats more, unionization as a level of formal business, foul oil costs, capital stock and merchants insistence rate. The outcomes demonstrated that there is a switch relationship among meander and joblessness and the positive relationship among joblessness and affiliation station, unrefined petroleum costs, essentialness about genui ne change standard and strict money related system. Eita and Ashipala (2010) wore out determinants of joblessness in Namibia for the period of 1971-2007.They utilized far reaching scale financial segments for joblessness show up. They utilized Engle and Granger way to deal with oversee measure the model. The outcomes displayed that there is negative relationship among swelling and joblessness, positive between wage rate and joblessness and negative among theory and joblessness. The Philips curve held in Namibia. Kingdon and Knight (2001) handled joblessness by utilizing profit appear for South Africa. Garcia (2004) examined on purposes behind joblessness in Spain. Valadkhani (2003) managed joblessness in Iran. Monastiriotis (2006) wore out joblessness by utilizing macroeconomic factors in UK. He utilized Keynesian and monetarist approach of joblessness. Kwabena (2011) assessed determinants of joblessness in Limpopo. We have assessed unquestionable examinations about determinants of joblessness. These examinations have not considered the essential macroeconomic factors which may influence joblessness rate. Kalim (2003) considers just two components like masses and GDP as determinants of joblessness in her examination for Pakistan economy. For broad examination, this take a gander at joins remote direct meander, outside responsibility, individuals, swelling and GDP as determinants, which may contribute joblessness rate in Pakistan and utilizations an impressive enlightening record. There are particular techniques for planning the cointegration examination among factors. The techniques are: Julius (1990) and Johansen (1992). At whatever point there are in excess of two I(1) factors in the framework, the most preposterous probability approach of Johansen and Julius has the perfect position over remaining based approach of Engle and Granger; both of the methodology require that the factors have a practically identical request of wire. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) for cointegration test has certain perfect conditions over Johansen. This technique does not require the demand of components into I(0) or I(1). This examination utilized ARDL way to deal with oversee break down cointegration among factors that was proposed by Pesaran and Shin (1999). A fundamental model is utilized to separate the varieties in joblessness rate in Pakistan. There are number of segments which influence the joblessness rate. The supportive kind of the model is as: UN = f (GDP, POP, FDI, PINV, EXD) Where UN = Unemployment in millions POP = Population in millions GDP = Real Gross family unit thing in US dollars (millions) FDI = Foreign direct enthusiasm for US dollars (millions) EXD = External commitment in US dollars (millions) PINV = Private enthusiasm for US dollars (million.) Joblessness: The destitute variable is joblessness which is gotten from work constrain less utilized people. Joblessness happens precisely when a man is fit and willing to work yet is before long without work. Masses: Population recommends imply people of the nation. Masses increment prompts increase in joblessness. Indicate national yield: The aggregate market estimation of every single last remarkable and associations passed on every year inside the purposes of imprisonment of a nation. The examination recognize that there may negative relationship among GDP and joblessness. Remote Direct Investment: Foreign direct speculation (FDI) in its praiseworthy shape is portrayed as a relationship from one nation impacting a physical meander into building a creation to line in another nation. It is the foundation of a meander by an untouchable. The examination acknowledges that FDI has a negative association with joblessness. Outside commitment: External duty is that bit of the aggregate responsibility in a nation that is owed to outside nationals, firms and affiliations. The responsibility joins cash owed to private business banks, unmistakable governments, or general money related relationship, for example, the IMF and World Bank. Outer Obligation prompts diminish in joblessness. Private Investment: A private speculation capital cooperation, overall recommended as PICS, is a money related gadget that depends upon a little pool of fiscal specialists cash for arrive hypotheses. The cash managers of private subsidizing cooperation or PICS are experienced land meander geniuses, who in addition put resources into related land things, for example, assess lien approvals, dispossessions, notes, and furthermore change connects on favorable position of their endorsers and themselves. Private Investment prompts diminish in joblessness.

Communication In Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication In Economics - Essay Example It is a complete guidance in social, political, economical and other aspects for the Muslims. The Koran gives a clear direction in dealing with common issues from warfare, governance of states, marriages, doing business etc. Islam focuses on doing any act in accordance with equality and justice. The Islam has prohibited some of the issues, which are considered to be today's key of success. One such concept is the prohibition of Interest. But Islam gives the complete rational reasoning for it's the things, which are included and excluded by Islam. In today world, one of the main reasons for the businesses running successful in western world is because of mortgage and interest, however, Islam strictly rejects the concept of Interest in Islam. There are number of verses of Koran in which Interest has being strictly condemned. Interest in Arabic language is called 'Riba'. Interest is some amount of money received or has to pay for in order of lending and borrowing of assets. Islam has termed Riba as prohibited because a person is paying additional charges to which he not accounted to, and similarly earning extra money which he has earned without making an effort. Such type of earning is called earning easy money. For instance, a person has invests $100,000 as his savings in a bank at an annual interest rate of 5%. After one year, his savings will be $ 105,000. This additional $5000 amount is the easy earning that he has got, Islam calls these as Haram (prohibited) according to Islamic laws called Sharia'a. Islamic Banking: Now in Islamic states, in order to curb interest, many Islamic banks introduced Islamic finance, which does working according to Sharia'a. This type of banking started in 1970's. The Islamic banks works risk sharing system, in which the banks and the customers share profits under agreements. The people have the option of whether making an Islamic account or not. These banks have introduced La-Riba system (interest free) finance. When a person is making a saving account in a bank, he has two options. Either makes an account on zero interest or charge interest on it. In case of zero interest, he will receive the same amount that he deposited i.e. if he has invested $100000, he will receive $100000 on his withdrawal. Where as in the second case, where he can ask for the interest, he has two alternate. Either he can ask the bank to deducted Zakat (Islamic charity system) or can take additional interest amount with him, and donate into welfare or charity himself. In this way, he is not us ing additional money for his personal use. Similarly, there are banks that offer loan on zero interest i.e. if a person wants loan, he can pay it off without giving additional charges. For instance, if a person wants loan for construction of his house, he asks for a loan of $500000, then he only has to pay this amount in installments. However, it is suggested that it is better to invest your capital in project rather than banks. Because when you invest in a project, there you would be dealing with risks not with the Interest. New Products Offered by Islamic Finance: Since the arrival of these Islamic banks, there are some special Islamic products, which are being bought into the market. These products designed in accordance with Sharia'a laws. These products include Ijara, Murabahah, Musharakah, Mudarabah, sukuk etc. The basics of these products are discussed below Ijara is a type of Islamic leasing.

Communication for Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication for Management - Assignment Example First of all, I would allow all my team members to express their individual views regarding a particular topic. Each of the member’s view would be properly listened. Contribution of each of them would be given enough importance. It is crucial to note that differences among group member’s beliefs, values and attitudes are the main source of conflict (Team Building Directory, n.d.). Hence, it is very important to apply this above mentioned strategy. The main objective of doing these would be to make the members feel that their involvements are very much significant in the way of achieving the group’s main target. Secondly, team members would be made involved in the decision making processes. This is likely to make sure that the decisions are not in favor of any particular individual rather they are taken for the overall betterment of the group and its performance. Communication is a crucial aspect which greatly impacts the aspects like ‘conflict’. As a manager of the team I would make sure that all the channels through which communication among the team members including me takes place are working properly. In simple words, there should not be any communication gap between me and my group

Tobacco- Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tobacco- - Research Paper Example Soon after its arrival in Europe, the crop became widely cultivated. The growth of its popularity in European nations was due to the supposed medicinal capability of the plant. In 1571, Nicolas Monardes authored a book on medicinal plants in which he praised tobacco as a medicinal plant. According to Monardes tobacco would cure approximately 36 health problems. It is such popularization, which spurred the use of tobacco in 1600’s to an extent that tobacco was used as a value exchange product. Tobacco was as good as money in the early 1600 period. The world did not know that what had become misleadingly acceptable would become a leading respiratory disease causing agent with carcinogenic effects (Randall 1). Currently, there are millions of men and women across the globe that smoke, chew and sniff tobacco products. However, smoking is the most popular form of tobacco use, and among the leading causes of preventable health conditions and death (Jiloha 64). This is partly due to the fact that there are numerous cigarette manufacturing firms, and cigarettes are easily available in most retail points. All these factors coupled with prolific advertising, encourage the development of smoking habits among the youth. According to Jiloha (64), an estimated 1.3 billion people smoke tobacco worldwide, and half of this population will prematurely succumb to some form of tobacco-related illness. Tobacco smoking accounts for 5 million deaths annually, with tobacco related illnesses being the second major cause of death (Jiloha 65). Modest estimates show that if the current trend persists, tobacco may cause approximately 10 million deaths per annum by 2020. The health sector is the most affected by th e use of tobacco because it causes many health problems such as respiratory and cardiovascular complications. The most common respiratory conditions resulting from prolonged tobacco use include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, and airway

What you eat is your business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What you eat is your business - Essay Example public to take responsibility for their own personal health and diet, as opposed to the government taking up this responsibility by putting up initiatives to keep the public healthy and control their diet. This inadvertently becomes everyone’s responsibility. This study focuses on the appeals used by Balko to persuade his readers and the general public to take personal responsibility. Balko describes himself as a â€Å"small –l† libertarian, he believes in the principles of â€Å"limited government, individual liberty, free markets and peace.† He expresses this by writing this essay about the personal choice to be healthy, he appeals to the public to adopt this using various methods. He uses pathos, which is the appeal to passion and the readers’ emotions to try and connect with them. This is observed when he wrote: â€Å"We’re becoming less responsible for our own health and more responsible for everyone else’s. Your heart attack drives up the cost of my premiums and office visits (Balko, 2003).† He uses this to make his readers feel that, even if you strive to keep yourself healthy, you will still take responsibility for another person choice of not doing the same. This is also evident when he states: â€Å"It’s difficult to think of anything more private and less public then what we choose to put into our bodies. It only becomes a public matter when we force the public to pay for the consequences of those choices.† He tries to make his readers understand that when the government is taking on this responsibility, it is actually the public that will feel it burden, and at this point he might be trying to connect to the people who actually look out for their own well-being and trying to show them the importance of personal management. And not just for them but for each and every individual. This is supposed to create a realization that they will be working and paying for other people. In the case empathy is the emotional tool he tries to use to persuade

Modes of Persuasion in the Message of the Northrop Grumman Corporation Essay

Modes of Persuasion in the Message of the Northrop Grumman Corporation - Essay Example The company maintains that it covers the five basic areas of defense, namely aerospace, electronics, information, shipbuilding, and technical services (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2011). By stating that it covers all the major areas of defense, the company is making use of logos, that is reasoning, in order to establish its mastery over the field, and to gain the confidence of the buyers. Similarly, it states that it has had the U.S. government as its customers for over seventy years (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2011). Again, this is a use of logos, because if the U.S. government is an old and continuing customer, then it follows that the company must deliver what it promises, and therefore, must be the top in its area. Therefore, the customer is drawn to the company due to the use of logos in their message. The company gives its history and states its evolution into a corporation (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2011). It traces its development through the years and points out the periods of growth in its journey (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2011), thereby developing credibility or ethos in its customers. It also gives the statistical figure of the thousands of workers that it employs (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2011), further strengthening the credibility of the readers of their message; if a company has a clean and developing history, and if it employs so many workers, then there could be no doubts about its credibility. The message, hence, has effectively used the technique of ethos to appeal to its customers. The statistics about the employees (Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2011) can also serve as pathos or emotional motivation. Moreover,  it states that   it  has been constantly improving in  terms of techniques  and business (Northrop   Grumman   Corporation, 2011), further  making use of pathos. It states that   it  has been constantly improving in terms of   techniques  and business (Northrop   Grumman   Corporation, 2011), further  making use of pathos.

Strategy Development And Implementation Term Paper

Strategy Development And Implementation - Term Paper Example This report stresses that the specific chapter of the book Art of War refers to a critical issue regarding a battle: the tactical disposition. The term tactical disposition incorporates two elements: securing that there is no risk of defeat from enemy, trying to identify a chance for defeating the enemy. The specific chapter highlights the importance of alternative techniques for developing a battle. This paper makes a conclusion that the identification of appropriate tactics for securing the effectiveness of a strategic business plan can be a challenging task. Moreover, it has been proved that the ability of strategic planners to identify and evaluate appropriately all risks related to a particular plan is not standardized. In fact, it seems that each strategic planner uses a different approach for evaluating business needs. In this way, most business plans are often exposed to high risks, a problem that it is usually revealed with a significant delay, when the potentials for resolving the relevant problem are limited. The use of existing theoretical models for developing effective business plans can be a method for securing the success of these plans. The views of Sun Tzu, as included in his book Art of War, would be a valuable theoretical framework of such kind. Even if the above book refers to military strategy, its involvement in business planning cannot be rejected. As prov ed above, the specific book can help strategic planners in increasing the effectiveness of their plans, either in the short or the long term.

Case Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Assignment - Coursework Example For example: Sephora – a brand that sells cosmetics, perfume and other beauty products recently decided to enter into a contract with JC Penney upon opening a ‘store within stores’ strategy aiming to attract the young women. (MSNBC, 2007) Considering the change in the customers’ preference to shop conveniently at regional shopping malls, it is good that JC Penney has decided to open almost all new Penney store within the regional malls because that is where most of the shoppers go to buy cloths, furniture and other merchandises that JC Penney is selling to the consumers. However, opening a JC Penney store in each metropolitan area in order to create a significant presence in each market is not much of a good idea because it is not convenient for the consumers to intentionally go to a JC Penney store to buy something and go back again to the mall to buy the rest of what they need. Looking at this angle, the demand for establishing a JC Penney store separate from the regional malls is low. Giving each of the store managers the control over merchandise selection could greatly affect the quality and type of merchandises available within a specific JC Penney store outlet. In the absence of a strict centralized regulation in terms of selecting the items being sold in each store, some of the store managers could take advantage of the situation by entering into a special contract with its suppliers. This enables the store managers to make a bias judgment with regards to selecting the merchandise. Giving each of the store managers the power to price the goods could result to lack of uniformity when it comes to the selling price of the same product in each store outlets. The same is true when it comes to management of employees, the store manager will have the tendency to prioritize one employee over the other which may lead to serious management problem in the end. The funding for the local community relations will also be an issue since

House Arrest Essay Example for Free

House Arrest Essay There are several forms of house arrest; one I am more familiar with would be with an ankle monitor this is used usually with a low level offender. When released the inmate is fitted with the global positing system and this devise will alert the police if and when this individual violates his or her house arrest conditions. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology was officially introduced as an electronic monitoring option within the Department of Corrections in January 2007. Its current primary target population is specific paroled sex offenders. This device records offender movement throughout the community and reports those movements to a host computer. Department of Corrections staff is able to review maps and track the movement of the parolee throughout the day (Chisholm, 2001-2012). So we have one which can monitor if an offender leaves his or her home which they are ordered by a judge to stay within their boundaries, and then we have another similar devise to which the offender is fitted with but is able to move around the community and live among his or her peers. In addition we also can offer a prisoner if they have at least completed 3 to 6 months of their sentence. Studies show this seems to work if it is done when they are new in the system and before they learn how to survive on the inside or even get involved with the wrong groups. This is also compared to split sentence, these concepts are different but sometimes used interchangeably. But as with all probation shock probation is used as a privilege as some think it’s a right that they deserve it, but they do not it is something that is earned and many of those who do get it abuse it and end up back in jail sometimes again and again never learning a lesson and they keep re offending. In some cases it works for the better and they get out and really make a change for the better. Some of which may believe that if they went easy or just receive a slap on the wrist the first time they will just do it again. But again before these options were even are offered the defense team must meet with the judge to discuss and provide how the terms of the probation will be set along with the length and any other details. Shock probation is usually considered when a prisoner is a first time offender and a judge believes, given the circumstances of the case, that the prisoner has a chance at reform which may be enhanced by being released. This term is sometimes used interchangeably with â€Å"split sentence,† but the two concepts are different. In a split sentence, at the time of the initial sentencing hearing the judge declares that the convicted person will be sent to prison and then released on probation after a certain amount of time (Delich, 2003-2012). These are just a few forms of probation and studies show them to be very effective if carried out in an appropriate manor and having the proper supervision to help the inmate succeeded. References 1. (Chisholm, 2001-2012) 2. (Delich, 2003-2012)

The Cold War in the 1960s Essay Example for Free

The Cold War in the 1960s Essay LBJ and the Escalation of the War * Credibility * Feb 1965: air strikes started * July 1965: ground troops * Why there was no military victory in Vietnam? * The strength of the enemy * The weakness of the South Vietnamese Government * Guerilla war in Vietnam * Limited war in Vietnam * Search-and-destroy vs. clear-and-hold * The media * A Multitude of Movements Student Rebellions, The New Left, and the counter cultural movement * SDS (1960) and its goals * 1964 UC Berkeley and student rebellion * Cultural radicals: the hippies * The Rise of Feminism * Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique * 1968: the year of upheaval * January: the Tet Offensive and the credibility gap * March: LBJ would not run again for president * April: MLK assassinated * June: Bobby Kennedy assassinated * August: the Democratic National Convention at Chicago became a street fight * Hubert H. Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, Nixon, and the 1968 election * The challenge from George Wallace Troubles all around the world * NIXON, KISSINGER amp; DETENTE * Nixon, Henry Kissinger and geo-politics * Sino-Soviet split and the triangular diplomacy * Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I) * Nixon’s war in Vietnam * June 1971, Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers * Paris Peace Treaty (1973) * The fall of Saigon (1975) * The Nixon Doctrine * Detente and the limit of US Power.

Theories of Adolescent Risk Taking

Theories of Adolescent Risk Taking Adolescence is seen as a period when an individual is unable to competently assess risk. There is a general belief that adolescents believe that they are invulnerable to risk thereby unable to perceive certain behaviors. Because of this, adolescents are adjudged to be less aware of risk. This provides the reason the reason why there are legal limitations on adolescents’ right (Bellotti, 1979, Gardner, Scherer Tester, 1989). On the other hand, some view adolescents as having the capability to making informed and competent decisions as adults (Melton, 1984). This means that some see adolescents as seeing themselves as invulnerable. This idea is supported by Elkind’s theory (1967, 1978). In this theory, Elkind argues that people become cognitively egocentric when they first enter into formal operations. Because of this, adolescents believe that they are unique and special making them immune to certain things. They see themselves as invulnerable to harm. This geocentricism and invulnerability are expected to reduce as the individual moves from middle to late adolescents. But some believe that this theory on geocentricism is not associated with adolescence transition into formal operations, and that it is not limited to adolescence alone (Frankenbreger, 2000, Gray Hudson, 1984). In addition, research has not found any positive correlation between geocentricism and perception of invulnerability (Dolcini et al., 1989). Social researches on adolescence have not been helpful in resolving the debate between adolescents’ perception of invulnerability to risk and adolescents’ competence. There are numerous inconsistent studies on this issue. There are factors that may be responsible for these inconsistencies. According to Millstein and Halpern-Felsher (2002), these inconsistencies maybe due to the methods used to measure risk perception. Some researchers used probabilistic assessment, that is, the chance that an outcome will occur (Quadrel et al., 1993, Gochman Saucier, 1982) while other researchers like Finn and Brown (1981, Cohn, Macfarlane et al. (1995) examined adolescents’ perception about harm, that is â€Å"the amount of harm that could be caused(p. 401). This has the ability to cause disparity between the studies and also questions the validity of these findings. Another cause of this disparity is failure of researchers to consider behavioral experiences across ages and control for it. While some of the earlier studies that focused on adolescents’ age group and those that compared adolescents and adults found a significant difference in awareness of and consideration of risks (Ambuel Rappaport, 1992, Chassin et al., 2001), some others found few differences. One of the studies that did not support the idea of adolescents’ invulnerability is the one conducted by Millster and Halpern-Felsher (2002). In their studies, they took into account the above identified problems in studying adolescents and young adults risk perception. While other researchers used participants’ parents to measure comparison between adolescents and adults risk perception, these researchers use unrelated childless adult to eliminate this problem. Their reason for using unmarried young childless adults was because those with children may have a greater awareness of risk because of their positions as parents compared to childless and non parent/unmarried young adults.This is because using adolescent participants’ parents may create problem of non independence between the groups. They used 433 adolescents and 144 young adults between the ages of 20 30 as comparison group from racially diverse population and from geographically and demographically similar area. They tried to find out age differences in risk judgement and if adolescents risk judgment differ from those of adults, and if vulnerability perceptions to harm are more prevailed in adolescents than adults. In the result, they found a significant difference between young adults’ and adolescents’ risk judgment. Also, there was a significant age group differences between older adolescents and younger adolescents. Older adolescents assessed probability of negative outcome to be lower than younger adolescents. The study challenges the general belief that due to adolescents’ developmental status, they view themselves as invulnerable as well as underestimate risk. Adolescents don’t see themselves as invulnerable, though they may fail to perceive specific risk related to a specific behavior, and at the same time, may over estimate the benefit of such behavior. Even after controlling for behavioral experiences, younger adolescents perception of risk was greater than older adolescents, and adolescents perceived greater risk that young adults. Because younger adolescents have been taught that engaging in risky behavior results in significant risk, they are likely to be lieve it (Millstein Helperin-Felsher, 2001). But with increased exposure to peer risk behavior coupled with maturation, adolescents are able to observe that not all risky behaviors have a negative outcome. The researchers observed that the participants over estimated risk. Young people already have a sense of heightened vulnerability and that continuous emphasis on the negative outcome of risk might be counterproductive, in that it might conflict with adolescents’ own experiences as they might realize that not all risky behaviors result in negative outcome. The result of this study is in contrast with the popular belief that adolescents perceive risk less than adults do and that adolescents also see themselves as invulnerable. Another research that is consistent with the above finding is the work done by Baumgartner and Peter (2010). They investigated adolescents’ and adults’ perception of internet risk, especially online sexual risk. Previous studies on online risks founf that adolescents are vulnerable (Mitchell, Finkellor Wolak, 2001, 2007b, Yabarra, Mitchell, Finkellor, Wolak, 2007). These findings are based on the assumption that adolescents are massive internet users. There are scientific/research evidence to prove that adolescents are more vulnerable online that adults and that adolescents reported a very negative feeling such as being afraid from online sexual solicitation (Mitchell et al., 2001). Some reasons for this unwanted online sexual solicitation include the fact that due to adolescents’ massive developmental changes at his stage, the need to relate to others increases thereby making them vulnerable to unwanted sexual solicitation (Singelman Rider, 2003). On the other hand, adults may not be keen on interacting with strangers, thereby decreasing the risk of unwanted sexual solicitation. Another reason for this vulnerability is that adolescents spend more time online and this may increase their chances of receiving unwanted online sexual solicitation (Jones Fox, 2009). The empirical evidence to support that adolescent take greater risk than adolescents have been inconsistent. The difference between adults and adolescents risk perception may be because adolescents today are more familiar with internet amd newer social networks compared to adults. In their study of 1765 Dutch adolescents and 1026 Dutch adults, done through online survey, Baumgartner and Peter (2010) investigated age and gender differences in unwanted online sexual solicitation. The result showed that female adolescents and young female adults are at the greatest risk of this online harassment. This may be because of the specific online activities that they are involved in, or may be because they are just the targets of these perpetrators. A reason for this may be because these groups of people use the internet as a means of communication rather than for entertainment, and the the use of internet for chatting increases the chance of unwanted sexual solicitation. Because one of the cha llenges during adolescence is identity formation, these adolescents may use the internet to relate to others by self disclosure or to share intimate details (Mazur Kozarian, 2010, Calvert, 2002). They also found that young girls find this undesirable and may be more emotionally and cognitively vulnerable to such messages compared to older female adult. This means that adolescent girls feel vulnerable with such behaviors, this is in contrast to the general belief that adolescents perceive some behaviors as risky. An emerging adult may cope better in such situation, but an inexperienced adolescent may be more vulnerable and may need protection than adults. There was also evidence of increased online risk for older adolescents male and adults compared to younger adolescents. This may be because as one gets older, one partakes in more risky behavior compared to when one was younger. This is evidence against the notion of adolescents’ invulnerability. Another reason for this increased online sexual risk found among older adolescents and adults may be because sexual interest does not decline with age or after adolescence, and sexuality being an important part of adults, engaging in online sexual risk may help satisfy these sexual needs. Though these evidence that adolescents do not engage in more risk than adults does not mean or suggest that adolescents’ behaviors should be neglected. Risk behaviors are interpreted differently by adolescents and adults (Parsons et al., 1997). It is seen as a normal thing when adults give out private information about themselves online based on the assumption that adults can handle any negative consequence from such behavior unlike adolescents, such behaviors may be frowned at because any negative outcome may be detrimental and may affect their normal development. In addition, although risk may have potential negative outcome, it also serves an important cause in adolescent development (Jessor, 1992, Igra Irwin, 1996) as it helps adolescents develop autonomy and maturity. It also helps in coping with anxiety and frustration. Online sexual risk may also help adolescents in developing their sexual identity. Hence, online sexual risk behavior should not be viewed as detrimental to adolescents, but it could also serve to facilitate healthy development. This study shows that adolescents, especially younger adolescents are risk aware, and that the fear of adults about adolescents’ online sexual risk behaviors is unfounded. A study by Haase and Silbereisen (2011) linked the effect of negative affect on adolescents’ risk perception. This study is in contrast to the above studies that adolescents have a higher risk perception than adults. And that this depends on the affect. That perception depends on our mood or emotion either positive or negative. Other studies have linked positive affect to lower risk perception (Johnson Tversky, 1983). This means that adolescents who are emotionally open are influenced by this. The Haase and Silbereisen (2011) study examined the effect of positive affect on adolescents’ and adults’ risk perception. The study involved the use of audio-visual method to induce emotion. Research has shown that negative emotion leads to a higher risk taking, because the individual tries to overcome the bad mod through engaging in activities that are rewarding in short run and can potentially have harmful effect on the long run (Tice, Bratslavsky Baumeister, 2001). Bu t from the result of the study, they found that when an individual is in a good mood, he is less likely to perceive some risky behaviors like smoking and alcohol drinking as risky. The study also examined the effect of mood across age groups. It was found that positive affect lowers risk perception across age groups, whereas negative affect led to lower risk perception among mid adolescents but did not for early adolescents and young adults. This may be because developmentally, mid adolescents have a high stress vulnerability (Spear, 2000), and a higher risk taking (Steinberg, 2008). Therefore, it has been shown that affective influences play a big role in adolescents risk taking. When adolescents are in good mood and excited, they tend to indulge in risky behaviors or they may judge some behaviors as risk free. Because previous studies have used questionnaire to assess adolescents’ risk taking, using experiment showed that adolescents partake in risk behavior and that this risk taking is influenced by affect either positive or negative. This means that adolescents and adults may be more risk averse when they are faced with situations that do not give rise to great emotions, and this may not be captured in questionnaire study. This result in conflicting findings on adolescents risk taking, but using experimental design may show the real situation when the adolescents are faced with strong emotions. Feelings may alter risk perception.

Chemistry-soaps And Detergents :: essays research papers

Cleaning with soap and soapless detergents. Detergent comes from the Latin word detergere meaning to clean, it is defined as a cleansing agent. Therefore, water itself is a detergent. This essay looks at soap and soapless (or synthetic) detergents. Both substances we use everyday and have a big market commercially, they effect everyone. Soaps are made from natural products and soapless detergents are produced chemically, each having advantages and disadvantages. Soap has a much longer history than it’s relatively new synthetic version. There is evidence of soap made in Mediterranean countries around 2500 years ago. The basic process has not changed much although now the chemistry is understood. Soap is made from the process called saponification, the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. It is essentially the reverse of esterification. O O R-C-O-R’ + NaOH ---- R-C-O-Na+ + R’OH Ester(fat) + base(caustic soda) ---- salt of fatty acid(soap) + alcohol(glycerol). Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) can be used instead of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide)but is more expensive. The base used to come from wood ash containing potassium carbonate which formed potash as this was not plentiful it made soap a luxury. The cheapest source of the ester is animal and vegetable fats and oils. H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H O H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H O-Na+ This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away. In soft neutral water soap works very well. However in hard water those containing ions (calcium and magnesium ions) the soap reacts with the ions forming insoluble salts, scum which settles on fabrics and around the bath. A scum is also the result when soap is used in acidic water. Soap is also affected by the nature of the dirt, for example perspiration breaks down the soap reducing the washing power. There are other disadvantages of soap, it deteriorates on storage lacks cleaning power and doesn’t rinse out completely. The production of synthetic detergents are an example of a standard chemical approach. If a useful substance has some undesirable properties an attempt is made to make a near copy synthetically which will perform better.

macbeths descent into evil Essay -- essays research papers

Macbeth’s Decent Into Evil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character Macbeth in the story of Shakespeare’s Macbeth faces decisions that affect his morals. He begins as an innocent soul, dedicated to serve his kingdom and its king, Duncan. As time passes and opportunities present themselves combined with the deception of the evil witches, Macbeth begins his descent into madness. Macbeth’s innocence and loyalty are completely corrupted due to his over confidence, guilty conscience, and the inevitability of human nature. Macbeth looses sight of what is morally right to do in life because his logical choices are changed by these factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth was capable of achieving his place as king but his path to greatness would not have occurred without his ability to be overconfident. This ability was responsible for his overall position as being blind to the possibility of failure. The witches assured him that he would be essentially invincible and that only in what seemed to be impossible situations, would his life be threatened. Macbeth explains:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"With thy keen sword impress as make me bleed:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let fall thy blade of vulnerable crests;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I bear a charmed life, which must not yield   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To one of woman born† (5.8. 13-16). Macbeth was so confident that the idea of someone not being born of a woman was impossible in itself and therefore he had nothing to fear. However, it was this overconfidence that the witches depended on. They wanted the overconfidence to prevent Macbeth from understanding the consequences of his actions, and to do so they overwhelmed him with security:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He shall spurn fate, scorn death, and bear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His hopes’bove wisdom, grace, and fear:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And you all know security   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is mortals’ chiefest enemy† (3.5.29-33).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor resulting in the inevitability of Macbeth’s evil was his Guilty conscience. Macbeth knows his actions are wrong a... ...lp of Lady Macbeth the deed is done. She is unmoral and changes Macbeth’s decision with intimidation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have given suck, and know   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How tender’tis love the babe that milks me:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would, while it was smiling in my face,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And dash’d the brains out, had I so sworn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you have done to this†(1.7.59-64).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth’s life is a tragic story about how he was deceived and molded into an evil man. His evil, sparked by lady Macbeth, began with the murder of king Duncan. Macbeth’s heart couldn’t handle the sin but Lady Macbeth forced him to change his mind. Macbeth’s evil was a result of his overconfidence, guilty conscience, and his human nature, all of which are traits that could be seen in any person in search of power. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. : , .

Returning to a Pre-Print Culture Understanding of Music :: Web Internet Technology Essays

Returning to a Pre-Print Culture Understanding of Music If the Web technology like Napster is eventually incompatible with the current print based recording industry, which values individual works (i.e. records, CD’s, videos) as commodities, then the paradigm of the current music industry will have to be changed drastically. To bridge the gap, something akin to cable service, which uses a flat rate for basic service and then has add-ons like pay-per-view might be used to curb or at least contain free dissemination of files while still remaining lucrative. This does not change the current industry paradigm so much; it simply awards more commodity status to access than product. Last July, Bertelsmann and Napster CEO's met to discuss a subscription partnership. "Between the two of them, the price for a subscription to the new Napster was floated at somewhere between $4.99 and $15 a month" (Alderman, 171). The problem with this solution is that many people may not be willing to pay for something that they have in the past acquired at no cost. It has been relatively easy to bypass security limitations placed on Napster, and in addition, similar applications have appeared to compete with Napster, or replace it in the event that access is blocked (i.e. Morpheus, Gnutella, Aimster [2]). A more effective solution might be one similar to what Grateful Dead lyricist John Barlow proposed in a 1994 issue of Wired: "Intellectual property law cannot be patched, retrofitted, or expanded to contain the gasses of digitized expression†¦ We will need to develop an entirely new set of methods as befits this entirely new set of circumstances" (Alderman, 20). To completely change the paradigm might involve going back to a pre-individualist, pre-high capitalist system. To keep the industry lucrative, the question that record labels, musicians, and other industry types should be asking themselves is not â€Å"How can we make money using existing copyright laws in the networked environment?† but â€Å"How can we still survive as an industry in an environment where copyright does not?† A possible alternative, and an option that hearkens back to pre-print culture, is that musicians might be salaried on the basis that they provide a service. Their art would be free for public enjoyment, but the musicians themselves would be compensated on salary to ensure that music continued to be made at its current rate.

Football Religion

Christianity, with more than 2 billion believers, ranks second among the major religions of the world. Soccer is first. FIFA, the guardians of the faith, calculated that a cumulative television audience of 28. 8 billion people tuned in to watch the 2002 World Cup tournament. Keep in mind that the world's total population is only 6. 6 billion Hello I am one of the biggest football fan in the world. And I am here to show you how football is synonyms to any religion in the world. I will be telling you about the customs, rituals, the gods, the holly places and the like of football a. . a. soccer and how they are some what of same nature as the ones practiced in some of the world’s major religions like Christianity and Islam. Like Hinduism, football has many gods. If we take Arsenal FC for instance the striker god of all time is Henry, the Mid field god was Vieria but now its Fabregas, the defensive god has to be Tony Adams. Its not just arsenal FC, every FC and every national team has its own gods. Few people wear the vestments of their favourite molana or priest as compared to the jerseys worn by the fans of their favourite player. Football provides the ritual of a weekend gathering for those who are truly committed. Fewer people visit churches on Friday as compared to the the fans that go to the Mecca of Football ‘the football stadium’. Football has its own mythology too, those stories that believers tell to explain their identity and history and every club or nation has got one. It even has its own book in which all the rules are written. And like any religion the love of the game is passed through generations. If my father supported a team I am automatically put into the hierarchy of followers when I am born. Extremism also exists in the religion of football, and the extremists are known as the hooligans. Fans use the mean of violence to show there love for the team. They can be viewed as the jihadis, fighting the rival team supporters for the pride of their team. Religion is not complete without rules and code of conduct and football is no exception. It has got its own rules, its own mysterious language and song of praise. And if the rules are broken then it has the priest, the father or the molana of its own blowing whistle and punishing the players by showing yellow and red cards. In the end I would like to say that even though football falls in every category of a religion it has its gods, book, followers, holly warriors etc it fall a just short of a religion because The faithful don't get angry if God doesn't deliver a miracle every week. Football fans on the other hand do get very annoyed if their teams are not performing to the expected level, and miracles are often demanded.

My interersting travelling Essay

The advantages of mathematical base charteringAs educatees be trained in the leap of credits you probably already realise and familiar with concepts such as conference causes , theme discussions , group expireplace yet non with any student or group of students who also exploit the decreed approach of this sight . The cause of this billet comes from the students who , or sometimes from the other clinical reasons .The advantage of this method of erudition is near always students aware and undeniable . discip eviscerate environment group aloneow actively promote the learning of individuals , creating cohesion in a community . While work in groups , the contradictions that arise from student to recess conflicts . From there , they lead have the top executive to resolve conflicts , to convince others of the situation may be encountered in later flavour .The disembodied spirit of learning and the ability to hear to others and lead be what students voli tion learn . These skills are very important when you blackguard out of the work environment and this would be a unplayful premise to tell a segmentation how to work in a police squad environment .Work , group discussions, non merely at the request of teachers desexualize for students , but more importantly it is the study of student research . Study groups will gather opinions of individual creativity , from which the reaping will be rich instillman creativity . The best method will be selected from the comments yet. Learning products will straightway also be the result of all the peniss .School groups are not legal , why ?The positive aspects of group learning methods is undeniable . But no group of students also achieved the highest results with this method of learning , withal sometimes some students feel it brings a lot of forms and achieve less potent than individual work people . So the reason why ?First, a play of students considered that the group work exerci se of incarnate psychology so often not my job , everyone except himself . As a result, no one common stupefy cry . Many think that school groups will be very easygoing as it is a form of learning by playing , learning to chatter , thrown across his back dour another thing about this board It s so wrong . Since you are self- wasting his time in egotistical .Second, learning requires self-discipline team of each team member . The work is like to the operation of a production line . Lines will not work , or work less utile if a part does not work or does not work properly knead . If a team member does not work as appoint will result in the group will work stalled .The third reason , which is the variability of labor is not clear . sometimes a team member to tell apart on withal much work , while members have nothing to do .The work of the group is often stray too much for the leader , sometimes even product is the result of individual rather than the leader of the group of products . conversely , sometimes the leader hug too much work for her to lead the others toilet table and the result is uncooperative .How to learn good team ?There are more causes of this learning method is not potent . Both objective reasons and from the school itself . So how to approach learning the most trenchant team ?First of all assigned work is reasonable . This depends on the enjoyment and ability of the leader to direct . When the work is clearly divided for each member they will be aware of his usance , is responsible for completing the work .It is in particular important to say to the self- consciousness of individuals in groups , students should find themselves responsible for a part of it , and the finished product has a plough packet herself . A group is only impressive when the members have self-consciousness self-awareness of time , readying , self-awareness speech Only when each student develophighly independent spirit , think about iss ues that need to provide learning research group that studies the group , the new group is promoting effects .And lastly , the spirit of learning , listening profound , hard for that team will be the key to a successful exercise group . School performance group only when it is done on the prat of preparation of the content and methods of all members of the musical arrangement .With a networked computer , you can persona chat to discuss , study groups with friends over just to save time , to be effective Please prepare yourself for a serious academic attitude and an effective group I hope to share on your part to help the students name interest in learning groups , particularly the effectiveness of learning with this method

American History 1946-1976

The united States is a throng of immigrants. The re placementnt nation of the awkward comprises flock who came from foreign or are desc discontinueents from overseas. Black were said to be some of the former migrants further they were considered to be slaves preceding to the Emancipation Proclamation. The transformation of the the Statesn auberge is non possible without the outburst of state influx. The industrial change make it possible for transportation and communication, resulting in a massive economic transformation for the States. In the primal while of American history, in-migration rules had been lax.It was non until 1819 when the premierly in-migration statistics had been collected when the topic of in-migration was po sit d makeion on the table for lawmakers (McClenaghan, 1988, p. 170). Given the abundance of copious land in the farming which necessitated hightail iters, immigration was deemed on a positive none. However, the end of the Civil warfa re saw closing of the land frontier. There was no shortage of manpower and the sudden boom of population and spirit of nationalism had started to take its toll among immigrants. The end of Civil War was witnessed by European immigrants who had already colonized in the county starting 1820.The Irish, for instance, had left Ireland ascribable to the severe British regimen ruling in their country (May, 1989, p. 479). Likewise, the European War saw many a(prenominal) Italians, Greeks, Polish, Germans and other non- side of meat language concourse plan of attack to America. In Unit I, which covers the 1865- 1876, breeding for American immigrants mirrored the twisting of reconstruction the country was facing at that time. As the country was struggling with picking the pieces of an embattled nation, immigrants go on to potentiometer America. Some southern and northern states had vomit up bureaus to draw immigrants.The Contract Labor fair play of 1864 stated that the federal gov ernment would assist an immigrant in his journey by a lien on his or her wages (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 938). The law was revoked in 1868. bulk of non- position oration immigrants toiled as grateers, porters, peddlers, while those who spoke English were able to find higher paying jobs. By 1870, the country had around 39 cardinal people, 3 million of whom were immigrants or those born abroad and settled in America (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 549).There were to a fault immigrants from Asia. In the early 1850s, Chinese immigrants went to California to work in bullion mines (Brinkley, 2003, p. 446). By 1865, much than 12,000 Chinese had found work in building the transcontinental railroad. The Central Pacific which was then accountable for building the western part of the road had 90% of Chinese in its ram force. One accessible issue they face up was discrimination. small-arm it was true that corporations preferred hiring Chinese be effort of their tenacity and inscription to work, many Americans resented this.More jobs were creation given to Chinese because they were also willing to work for fewer wages, something which did non sit comfortably with Americans. As one editor of the red-hot York Nation said, the Chinese were responsible for creating a unsavory habits of thrift, industry and self-denial (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 947). With the country tiding in on Reconstruction, the economy was not in a thoroughly shape and Americans blamed the Chinese and other immigrants (May, 1989, p. 481). inconsistency in California, where most Chinese immigrants had taken residence, started to brew.The Workingmens Party, for instance, was intense in goading the government to yield laws to victimize Chinese. The Side locomote Ordinance which ban people carrying their merchandise on a pole to walk on the sidewalk (p. 481). At that time besides Chinese carried their goods this way. The discrimination was this obvious the anti-Chin ese sentiment was emergence. The solicitude of 1873 fueled this tension and the Congress soon acted with an exclusion act in 1879, which ban the import of Chinese workers (Bragdon, McCutchen, and Ritchie, 1996, p. 532).In response to the issue, the Chinese did nothing, continuing to work, toiling in vast drainage and irrigation projects (Brinkley, 2003, p 446). It was initially spurned by President Hayes citing the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, which make China a most-favored nation when it comes to travel and immigration (ONeill, 2002, p. 240 Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 947). However, as constructions of railroads were finished, demand for sedulousnessers waned and in 1882, President Arthur pull in a ten- social class suspension called the Chinese Exclusion bend. In 1902, the act suspended indefinitely.The progeny was limitation in the bout of Chinese immigrants coming in to the country except their number had already increased delinquent to marriage and birth within their c ommunity. The tide of American immigrants proceed from 1877- 1920. In fact, it was during this extremity where around 14 million Europeans made America their residence (May, 1989, p. 482). It utilize to be that immigrants came prior to 1890 came from northern and western Europe. However, the year 1885 saw a tremendous increase of immigrants coming from southern and Eastern Europe (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p.529). Further more than, America welcomed immigrants from Canada, Mexico, Latin America and Japan (Brinkley, 2003, p. 502). Chinese immigrants, despite the Chinese Exclusion locomote, along with the Nipponese continued to flock America (p. 502). In 1880, there were around 75,000 Chinese in California, 1/9th of the states population (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 946). In 1870, the number of Japanese immigrants were roughly astir(predicate) 56 however by 1900-1909, the figures increased homeificantly to an estimate 7000 (p. 481).By 1890, four out of five people li ving in New York was born abroad the state also become home to more Irish than the Irish people living in Ireland (p. 937). The appeal of America was probably due(p) to the distress their respective countries were experienced. The surge in immigration was responsible for the growth of the country, especially its urban growth as most immigrants were lured by the city, where the realization of the American woolgather had already begun. Europeans crossed the Atlantic in hopes of a better future in the cities of America (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 504).As the impudent immigrants began to settle in the cities, they started to live in homogeneous neighborhoods. Thus, there existed a small Italy and a Jewish Lower East Side on the side of New York and Chinatown. These small enclaves allowed the immigrants to retain their sense of community. In 1920, Chicago had around 1 7 Little Italy colonies spread out in the city (p. 943). Ellis Island in New York became the port of immigrants. This reception c repose hardened in an island off the New tee shirt swoop became the first soil that immigrants stepped on upon entering the United States (pp.940). The social neighborhood facilitated for what could incur been an easier assimilation for these immigrants. They recreated their own churches, synagogues, and even printed their own newspapers (p. 531). However, the influx immigration created not only social conundrums but economic and as well. Immigrants had a hard time finding adequate jobs, often toiling in sweatshops, factories and mines. The atmosphere of nativism, where native-born should be favored instead of immigrants in good round anything, was developing.Native-born Americans started increase prejudice against them, threatened their portal in the country. The differences not only in language, graze and customs made Americans fear for this looming social changes. Immigrants were considerably the subject of hostility. Literary problems also started t o arise, especially for those non-English speaking immigrants. The Japanese, for instance, started learning the American way of living, learning English and sending their children to public initiates (May, 1989, p. 481). However, this did not sit well with Americans.In 1906, the San Francisco school board issued an order to separate Japanese children from the other students. When the Japanese government protested, President Roosevelt intervened. An pact in 1908 centered on an agreement check the number of Japanese immigrants to the country (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 506). California, which in earlier days, resented the social movement of Chinese immigrants, passed an Alien Land Law, which tabu Japanese from possessing agri nuance land (p. 506). As proletariat unions began to form around the country, immigrants were close up not accepted.For one, they veritable fewer wage. For a dollar that an American-born laborer veritable, Italians received 84 cents, Hungarians 68 cen ts and others 54 cents (Katz, 1993, p. 73). Furthermore, Americans organized themselves to promise the growing number of immigrants. They formed group such(prenominal) as the American Protective Association, which was against Catholic immigrants. The largest labor union, the AFL or American Federation of Labor excluded immigrants. As America continued to plunge into urban growth, semipolitical corruption became prevalent. Americans blamed corruption as the cause of the growing immigration.In response to this, immigrants chose to remain loyal to their employees. As civic reformers talked of cleaning up the government and expressing their disrespect on immigrants, the bosses showed appreciation to their employees by swear outing them bear on their naturalization proceedings and helping them when they got into trouble (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 507). With regards to the labor union, the Industrial Workers of the knowledge base (IWWW) was formed in 1905 to allow all workers re gardless of race, skill and gender (Katz, 1993, p. 73). The outcome of this was that immigrants had started to stand up for what they believed in.racial segregation still existed but the process of keeping their identities intact had begun. An example was the excogitation of French-language parochial schools in New England. Put up by French Canadians, the schools had grown to 179 elementary and 28 high schools in America (Katz, 1993, p. 15). It was a clear sign that immigrants were determined to stay in the country. tiddler labor laws prohibited immigrant children to work, forced them instead to go to schools. With the compulsory education laws, children of immigrants became indoctrinated with the American set and English values (p. 642).Majority of these children were responsible of passing their learning to their non-English speaking parents. The years 1921-1945 saw a decrease in the number of immigrants. Following the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, the list of requirements and restriction on immigrants had tightened. For instance, mean persons and anarchists were banned to enter US in 1903, illiterates in 1917 (McClenaghan, 1988, p. 170). By 1920, roughly 20 diverse immigrant groups were not able to step in the country (p. 170). The lives of American immigrants became harder, especially with the mounting antiforeign and anti-Black sentiment around the country.This period ushered in the Progressive spirit, which focused on either aspect of American life, including those of immigrants. This time saw reforms in what Progressives deemed as the evils of the American formation. Discrimination and prejudice still reigned in the country, despite the fact that American immigrants hold back been in the country for years One political problem they set about was religious problems. As solid ground War I erupted, many Europeans fled their countries and sought safety device in America. The new immigrants, as they were known, were mostly Jewish or Roman Catholi cs (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p.630). American Protestants feared that their religious values would shadow the presence of Catholics. Some employees also declined Irish applicants, to the extent of posting an Irish need not apply signs (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 483). The Catholic Church was then henpecked by the Irish, thus became the subject of religious persecution. Additionally, various religious discrepancies among immigrants themselves caused more mis experienceing. To cite, Russian and Polish Jews had diverse traditions from Sephardic and German Jews (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 945).In response to this issue, the immigrants continued to go about their own ways. They formed groups, recreated their own churches and synagogues. The outcome of doing this was it strengthened the unity among immigrant groups. They became more close-knit, living in homogenous areas of the city. It was also during this period when immigrants faced greater social and politica l problems. Agitation towards immigrant became full-blown. Xenophobia or the fear of strangers became the growing sentiment in the country. The new immigrants made Americans affright over race suicide (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p.63). For instance, Kenneth Roberts wrote in the fashionable Saturday Evening Post that Polish Jews should be avoided for they were homosexual parasites and that immigrants of Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean and Semitic heathenishity were not only pathetic and futile but good-for-nothing mongrels of Central America and Southeastern Europe (p. 630). Another problem which immigrants faced which further planted the seeds of the sedition was the celebrated typeface involving devil Italian anarchists named Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. An anarchist is someone who does not believe in any form of government.The two were arrested for a payroll robbery and murder in Massachusetts (p. 629). They were sentenced to death although evidence against them was i nconclusive. They were electrocuted in 1927, amid(prenominal)st a series of worldwide remonstration (p. 629). Some people believed that they were unimpeachable and the reason that they convicted was because of their political beliefs. Moreover, it was during this year when Red s deal out off pervaded the United States. A few years ago, communists, called Reds, took visit of the Russian government. The communists believed that the government should take control of everything, similar farms and factories.This train of thought contrasts with the American system of remedy enterprise (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 692). Americans soon began fearing that communists living in the US would do embark on this. It did not help that during this time, labor unrest was notorious, stimulating more fear on Americans. To assuage their fears, some Americans revived the Ku Klux Klan, which was grievous bodily harm for native-born, color, gentile Americans (p. 693). The orga nization, started during the Reconstruction heyday, attacked not only scurrilous people but immigrants, Jews, and American Indians (p.693). In the mid 1920s, the group boasted of around five million members (p. 694). The revival meeting of the Ku Klux Klan, the Red Scare and the conviction of the Italian immigrants made Congress pass the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 which restricted immigration to the country (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 717). Immigration was check to 3 percent of the nationality already in the US (p. 717). The act became a permanent policy trio years later and in 1927 a descend of 150,000 immigrants were to be admitted per year, divided based on the 1920 number (p. 717).Japanese immigrants were completely excluded with the passing of the Japanese Exclusion Act in 1924. In response to the overwhelming problems that incrust the immigrants, the immigrants had no choice but to comply with the laws. In some cases, like with the Japanese, the exclusion greatly modify diplomatic relationship amid the two countries. At the height of the war, Japanese-Americans were forced to move to relocation camps (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p. 738). Japanese-Americans who lived on the West Coast were accused of helping the Japanese sabotage the country (p. 738).For some immigrants, the restriction and growing anti-immigrant sentiment thrown at them were not luxuriant to make them waverr and give in. They remained steadfast and continued living in proximity, becoming stable in the process. They formed groups such as the La Orden de Hijos de America, which comprised white Chicano workers fighting for their U. S. citizenships (Katz, 1993, p. 15). Despite the discrimination and maltreatment, many Japanese- Americans volunteered during the War. It give off. In 1988, the Senate issued a public apology and provided a tax- stark payment of $20,000 to surviving Japanese-Americans (p.738). Following World War II, Unit IV, covering the years 1946-1976, life for immigrants was much better. Despite the inequalities in America, many people chose to live in the country, some sought political asylum and freedom from oppression. Others simply wanted to have a better future in the US. In the 60s, where call for civil rights where at the forefront, many Americans demanded for immigration reforms. In July 1963, President Kennedy recommended to scrap the national origins quota system (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams, 1991, p . 882).The Immigration Act of 1965 restricted the number of immigrants to 170,000 per year per country and phased the national origins quota altogether (Brinkley, 2003, p. 835). In the 70s, immigrations increased to 433, 600 a year (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 892). The 60s saw a surge in Mexicans migrating to the country. One literary problem they faced was language restraint. Some Latinos who established their presence in America could not speak nor understand English. This proved to b e a big barrier in applying for jobs and immersing in the American life.Several employers took advantage of this and utilise Mexican workers. In response to this, several Mexican Americans founded labor organizations to help them get jobs and receive due benefits. In doing so, they strengthened their ethnicity. With regards to their language, in 1974, the United States haughty Court approved the right of non-English speaking students to examine education in their own language. Thus, the idea of bilingualistism was injected into American culture. After the Vietnam War, several Asians took refuge in America. The limen of immigration opened again for the country.In the 80s, legal immigration in the US was estimated at 7 million people (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 1653). It was also the first time that mass of these immigrants did not come from Europe (p. 1653). The new wave of immigrants, mostly from Asia and Latin America, reopened the old wound of ethnic conflict. One social prob lem these new immigrants faced were still discrimination. In 1994, California passed Proposition 187, which banned illegal aliens to have access to school, medical care and other social services (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 1019).This created friction amid the legal immigrants and the illegal ones. Some preached that this is completely bigotry. Adding more salt to the wound was the 1998 approval of ending bilingual education in California. In response to this problem, immigrants worked to enter the country legally. Although there are aliens flooding the country from time to time, Immigration Services has employed a stricter guideline. Several ethnic groups have also take a firm stand themselves. The entry of ethnic studies program in school and universities is one way of embracing cultural differences between Americans and differences.This is one outcome that immigrants had wanted to achieve from the first time they stepped foot in the country. The presence of immigra nts in the United States has earned the country the moniker of being a melting pot. The country is a multi-cultural society with each group respecting the other. Mayor Share pile of Newark, New Jersey, noted that Americas salmagundi is its strength (Bragdon, McCutchen and Ritchie, 1996, p. 1020). This makes sense. Since the discovery of America, it has always been varied. Different cultures and ethnic background make it unique, in the same vein that the differences provide a sense of heritage.It makes America culture colorful. It is sad for a fact that it took people years to understand this and that the forefathers of immigrants had to endure torture and humiliation but the appointment of the first Black American professorship in the country is probably a sign that yes, the country is ready for change. References Bragdon, H. , McCutchen, S. and Ritchie, D. (1996). History of a free nation. Ohio Glencoe/ McGraw-Hill. Brinkley, A. (2003). American history a survey regular army Mc Graw-Hill. Divine, R. , Breen, T. H. , Fredrickson, G. , Williams, R. H. (1991). America the peopleand the dream. Illinois Scott, Foresman and Company. Jordan, W. and Litwack, L. (1991). The United States 7th ed. New Jersey Prentice Hall. Katz, W. (1993). A history of multicultural America. the States Sleek- Vaugh Company. May, E. (1989). A proud nation. Illinois McDougal, Littell and Company. McClenaghan,W. (1988). Magruders American government Massachusetts Prentice Hall. ONeill, W. (2002). United States. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 29 USA Britannica Inc. Tindall, G. B. , and Shi, D. (1999). America a narrative history. USA W. W. Norton and Company.