IMC plan of Lays Seaweed Flavor Snack Essay

1.1 Purpose The purposes of this creative platform are to understand the product and target market, to aware of the current promotional mix, to develop the IMC objectives and to discuss a creative strategy and major selling idea that suitable the best with this product. To expand and develop the promotions of the current product so that it increases the sales and has better image for the consumer to consume the product. 1.2 Limitations This creative platform have the limitations of time and limitations of information of the writer can gain since we can not contact the company and only can access from the public materials, therefore it may contains some errors due to the limitations of the writer as well. 1.3 Authorization This report is created for Indofood company to discuss about the current product of Lays as well as to improve the promotion and creative strategy in order to maintain its competitive advantage in the market. This report is commissioned by Thomas Thjie, CEO of Indofood Fritolay Makmur 1.4 Scope of operations The scope of the operations would be in discussing the specific snack product from Indofood which is Lays potato chips seaweed flavor in various elements of company background, product description, competitor analysis, and target  market in Indonesia region. The informations of this report is gathered from public materials, corporate website, web articles and text book. This report also contains current description of promotional mix, IMC objectives and response hierarchy as well as creating a new promotional tool and suitable creative strategy that would suit best to sell this product to the target market. 2. Background of Company PT Indofood Fritolay Makmur started commercial operations since 1990. The company hold the brand of Lays, Cheetos, Chitato, Chiki, and JetZ brands manufactures and markets snack food. (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2014) The company also offers cassava chips under Qtela brand. PT Indofood is based in Jakarta, Indonesia. Since March 17, 2010, PT Indofood Fritolay Makmur has been a joint venture with PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk and Pepsico, Inc. PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk (â€Å"ICBP† )is an established market-leading producer of packaged food products with a diverse range of products providing everyday food solutions for consumers of all ages. According to PT Indofood (2010) Many of its products brands are among the strongest brands with significant Top-of-Mind status in Indonesia and have gained the trust and loyalty of millions of consumers in Indonesia for decades. (PT Indofood , 2010) ICBP was established as a separate entity in September 2009 and listed on the IDX on 7 October 2010. It was established by means of internal restructuring of the CBP Group of Indofood, the parent company, listed on the IDX since 1994. Following the listing, Indofood remains the majority shareholder of ICBP with 80% ownership. Hence, ICBP continues to enjoy synergies with other Indofood Group companies to maintain its competitive advantages. Most of ICBP’s business operations and product brands have been well-established for many years, with many of them enjoying leading positions in their respective market segments. Its various business operations are noodles (Indomie, Supermi, Sarimi, Sakura, Pop Mie, Mi Telur Cap 3 Ayam and Pop Bihun), dairy (Indomilk, Cap Enaak, Indoeskrim and Orchid Butter), food seasonings (Sambal Indofood, Sirup Indofood Freiss and Bumbu  Racik Indofood) , nutrition & special foods (Promina, SUN, Govit and Provita) , and snack foods (Chitato, Lays, Qte la, Cheetos and Trenz) which produces and markets a range of western and modernized traditional snacks which will be focus on this report. Here is the vision, mission and values of Indofood Company. VISION A Total Food Solutions Company MISSION To provide sustainable solutions for food needs To continuously improve our people, processes and technologies To contribute to the welfare of the society To continuously improve stakeholders’ values Values â€Å"With discipline as the basis of our way of life; We conduct our business with integrity; We treat our stakeholders with respect; and together we unite to strive for excellence and continuous innovation.† 2.1. Product Description Brief History of Lays, it all started when chip was found by C.E. Doolin in 1932. Tanenbaum (2014,) Doolin loved those corn chips so much that he purchased the recipe and began to sell bags of the crunchy snacks. While Doolin was making his corn chips, Lay was busy producing his potato chips. Lay purchased Atlanta’s Barrett Food Company in 1938 and then formed H.W. Lay & Company. FritoLay (2014) Years later, in 1961, the Frito Company and the H.W. Lay company merged to become Frito-Lay, Inc. Today, Frito-Lay brands account for 59% of the U.S. snack chip industry. Lays started selling products in Indonesia around mid year of 2009. Lays (2013), Before Lay’s entry into the Indonesian market, the brand had already gained worldwide recognition. In Indonesia, Lay’s is marketed and produced as a joint venture between Indofood and Fritolay International, and becoming PT Indofood Fritolay Makmur. Fritolay International itself is also being owned by Pepsico Inc. Lays present their products in 6 flavors, there are  Pizza, BBQ Fiesta, Classic Salty, Grilled Chicken Paprica, Salmon Teriyaki and Seaweed Flavor. In this report, the focus will be Lays Seaweed flavor which contains natural fresh potato with seaweed seasonings. 2.2. Target Market Even though Snack Lays is categorized as undifferentiated marketing, it still needs target market so that it can build the best way to advertise to its perspective costumers. The segmentations of Lays are divided into Geographical, Demographical, Psychographic and behavioral segmentation. The geographical segmentation is about the region or area of the target market. Lays choose Indonesia region especially in Java Islands with the area of City, Urban, Suburban accross Indonesia the size of population: 250,585,668 people (World Population Review, 2014). The Demographic Segmentation is about to targeted the people with both gender whose age between 10 – 25 years old with any family size, but especially a family consists of parents and children. Because It is targeted more to young people or in school age, therefore the education background is children from elementary school to students in the university with any ethnic or racial background in Indonesia . On the other hand, the P sychographic Segmentation which based on the lifestyle preferences will using VALS framework (VALS, 2014). There are 4 types of people Lays want to target. They are first, Experiencers, with the personality of young, excitement, still open to the new, and have a lot social activities. They are potential because they are tend to be an impulsive consumers. Second, is Achievers, they have many needs and wants, goal oriented, like prestige products, predictability. Thy are active self-discovery in consumer marketplace. Third, Believers, people who are idealist, have concrete beliefs, religious, community. They are potential because they are predictable consumers, choose familiar product,and loyal customers.Fourth, Makers are motivated by self-expression, organized, practical people who have constructive skills and value self-sufficiency. They prefer a practical or functional purpose, and buy basic products. Furthermore, Behavioral Segmentation is about the behavior of the target market. Behavioral consists of the occasions of special and regular occasions such as hang out with friends, watch movies, snacks time with The Degree of use in Light use and medium use. The Brand Loyalty of target  market vary into Not loyal, loyal to very loyal . The Benefits target market can have is Lays serve as snacks, good quality, crispy and delicious, convenience, easy to access, enjoyable. Whereas, the Readiness stage is All people who know Lays and the attitudes toward product are neutral, positive attitude toward Lays. 2.3. Positioning Strategy Based on Foote, Cone &Belding (FCB) model, Lays Seaweed Flavo is positioned as Habit Formation (the doer) which in the thinking grid and considered as low involvement. It is habitual purchase and marketers does not have to market the product, yet creating an advertisement to act as a reminder about the product According to Belch& Belch (2009) Positioning can be defined as the art and science of fitting the product or service to one or more segments of the broad market in such a way as to set it meaningfully apart from competition. Market positioning is the most important factor in establishing a brand in marketplace. Positioning strategy that would suit best with Snack Lays is Positioning by Product Attributes and Benefits. This strategy is to set the brand apart from competitors on specific characteristic or benefit offered. In this case, out of other competitors, Lays offer a unique quality of characteristic of potato chip with seaweed flavor. Lays has been very strategically posit ioned within the snack food industry, the salient attributes which important to consumers and are the basis for making a purchase decision. One of the salient attributes is its international recognition and worldwide brand makes Lays trusted and worthy in the mind of consumers. Moreover, the taste, the brand prestige, and communicating a fun delicious snack brand to the consumers makes the Lays has positive positioned in the mind of target market. 3. Promotional Mix Elements Lays has been using several promotional mix, there are: 3.1. Advertising â€Å"Advertising is any paid form of non-personal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor and usually being used by companies whose products and services are targeted at mass consumer markets† (Belch&Belch, 2009). Lays was using TV advertisement to  promote its product, the advertising was about the deliciousness and irressistible Lays Seaweed flavor. The advertisement can be seen widely in youtube It was an effective nonpersonal communication because it can transmit a message to large number of groups of individuals (mass coverage) at the same time efficiently. It shows an immediate popularity from consumers who tried this new product and most people admit that they are satisfied with Lays Seaweed flavor. Moreover, Lays also had done print advertising in several female indonesian magazine such as citacinta and gogirl (Sulung, 2010) Print media play an important role, in earning the right to carry the Lays’s message of enjoyable and delicious potato chip. Haight (2005) Advertised in Print media can make consumers go backward to consume an advertisement, so it is an amazing alignment between advertiser transmission of Lays message and consumer consumption. 3.2. Sales Promotions Sales promotion provides extra values or incentives to the sales force, the distributors, or the ultimate consumer and can stimulate immediate sales (Belch & Belch 2012). Lays had done sales promotion in several local supermarkets in carrefour, hypermart, indomaret and alfamart by giving consumers discount, buy1get1 event, and bundles promotion. Recent sales promotion from Lays was related to price promotions in Circle K where consumers can buy two Lays seaweed flavor and additional drink with cheaper price which only IDR 12000 (Circle K, 2014). Lays also had a promotional event in several public holiday event in big supermarkets periodically such as (Lays, 2013) in christmas event when the discount and buy 1 get 1 available widely for consumers. Last, but not least, Lays also created competitions for consumers to win the prize. For instance, last year on March 2013 Lays held Lays Taste Adventure which is a competitions for consumers to post their photo eating lays, in order to win iphone 5, ipod nano, exclusive vouchers and hampers exclusive lays. In 2012, Lays Irressistible Moments Indonesia, (2012), on December 2012 also a contest which offer the opportunity to win exciting prizes by submitting their moments with lays. (Lays Indonesia, 2014)The competitions held in social media by Lays Indonesia, called Harpitdays where the winner can win voucher gift valued of IDR 200,000 for six winners. 3.3. Interactive or Internet Marketing â€Å"It allows for a back and forth flow of information whereby users can participate in and modify the form and content of the information they receive in real time† (Belch&Belch, 2009,p. 12) Lays Indonesia connect and relate with their consumers through internet media with social media sites which is facebook. It is the only official page of Lays Indonesia where directly speaks to Indonesian consumers about the products and promotions and create a platform where people can communicate to Lays. The social media page allows the brand to pay attention or care to the consumers mind by asking their opinions, encouraging their life, giving fun status, games, and more. Compliment and complaing about the brand also can handle well with the use of social media. In addition Lays Indonesia also create website contains basic informations to provide some information about Lays. 4. IMC Objectives According to (Reid, 2001) â€Å"Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) has been promoted both as an emerging communications philosophy and as a strategic management process for creating and managing the development of strong brands.† â€Å"It is also considered as the planning and execution of all types of marketing communication needed for a product, brand, idea, company or place in order to satisfy a common set of objectives and support the positioning of promotion† (Zimuto, 2013, p. 95). The DAGMAR approach suggest a logical process for advertising and promotion planning. Using DAGMAR approach in IMC objectives would focues the advertisers’attention on the value of using communications based objectives to measure advertising effectinveness and encouraged the measurement of stages in response hierarchy to asses a campaign’s impact (Belch & Belch, 2012). Therefore, the element of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Rational, Time-Limit) must be considered in order to create an effective communication with consumers. The advertisement can be done in small space ads, point of sale, and short spots For the IMC Objective, Lays Seaweed Flavor use print or media advertising therefore hierarchy of effects model would fit the best to show the work process. Here is the IMC Objective for Lays: 1. To create brand awareness of Lays Seaweed Flavor among non user young people of the  target market in Indonesia region to 75% by next year. 2. Create a positive feelings toward Lays Seaweed Flavor to 55% and preference of choosing this product to 45% especially by young people age between 12-20 years old who are still in studying in school by next year. 3. To increase sales of Lays Seaweed Flavor by 20% in next year and maintain customers to repurchase and regularly consume the product, to become consumers favorite seaweed snack. New Promotional Tool 5.1. Public Relations In order to reach the objectives and gain more competitive advantage in the market, a new promotional tool is created to able target the market. A new promotional tool that Lays Seaweed have not done before is using public relations. Public Relations defined as â€Å"the management function which evaluater public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of a organization with the public interest, and executes a program o action and communication to earn public understanding and acceptance† (Belch&Belch, 2009, p.559). The public relation activity that Lays seaweed will go through is sponsorship. It is strenghten by the opinion of Riley (2012) that Sponsorship is a specialised kind of public relations and increasingly popular, particularly with larger businesses. A business will sponsor an event, team or individual in order to build brand awareness. Because the target is young people especially those who are still in school, so Lays will sponsor a school events at several schools and universities in Indonesia. In the event, Lays will place a fun-catchy advertisement in the place of event to gather attention of the students and create interests and positive feelings to people who see. In the event, Lays can participate by creating some fun games for students to do to create more positive feelings toward Lays. There also may be opportunity to sell products, so Lays can use this opportunity to give free trials to student, young people, it is a good way to grab young non user consumer. The period of doing this public relation suggests in 3 – 6 months. 5.2. Sales Promotions The sales promotions is given to the consumers in the public area, such as  supermarket retailer, shop groceries and also can be given while doing the public relations. This will attract buyers to buy more and consuming Lays Seaweed. Because most people attract to any sales promotions in the market, highly effective if there is any event of the moment such as Public Holiday or Weekend days. The type of sales promotions would be discounts, giving 10% discounts for students who buy Lays Seaweed, buy 1 get 1 free promotion and bundles promotion such as it is cheaper if consumers buy 3 Lays at once and valied with multiple purchases. Vouchers and Gifts also can be given if consumer buy certain numbers of Lays Seaweed, for example 3 and they will be given a gift or if they buy 6 they will be given vouchers. This sales promotions should have limitations of time 1 – 3 months of availability. 5.3. Print Advertising To gain an effective promotional campaign, Lays will also do print media advertising to gain awareness and attention from the urban city people. Although print advertising looks a passive advertising yet it considered effective. Lays Seaweed will do the print advertising in the popular magazines like females magazine such as gogirl!, citacinta, gadis, femina. Food magazine such as sedap, selera,and nova. 5.4. Point of Purchase Moreover, for the other months of not doing sponsorship, Lays can advertise in outdoor advertising to gain mass coverage of attention and point of purchase (pop) by display largely in supermarket retailer, groceries shop and supermarket mall to attract young people who live in urban city. Traffic flows in the grocery store greatly influence grocery shopping behavior. In fact, consumers often buy products that are placed on display simply because they are on display. Retailers use the â€Å"brand-lift index† to measure the incremental sales that occur when a product is on display. In fact, one study indicated that POP displays in convenience stores can increase product sales by nearly 10% (Babin & Harris, 2012). The trials and sales promotions also are provided to ensure effective communication with consumers. 5.5 Internet/Interactive Marketing To develop and maintain current social media promotion with facebook and to  make a new internet or interactive marketing for consumers to persuade them to be active and engaged more with Lays brand from their own place and time. Lays can be updated more informations in the Website as it is considered as inactive and has uninterested layout website. The website should be updated at least once in a month to give audience the new information about Lays activities in sponsorship and promotions. Moreover, giving others useful information such as facts, opinions and ideas will become more interesting and attractive website to let young people experience with Lays from their gadgets and phones. 6. Major Selling Idea Major selling idea is the basis for the central theme or message idea in an advertising campaign (Belch & Belch, 2012). Major selling idea is important part in creative strategy. The competitive advantage Lays have over other competitors are differential advantages, it is created when a company’s products or services differ from its competitors and are seen as better than a competitor’s products by customers. Lays Seaweed have differential advantage in which it has an international recognition and worldwide coverage, with historical background of creating the potato chips and excellent leadership over the years, made it possible for the leaders to work their way up the corporate ladder. More advantages are being owned by a larger corporation like PepsiCo has advantages in its own like mass advertising and an established name. One word to describe the key characteristic that can be used as competitive advantage for Lays Seaweed is â€Å"happiness† because eating the crispy and crunch potato chip would make the consumers feel joy and happy to taste the delicious seaweed potato chip which is unique as a snack. This â€Å"happiness† is strong and meaningful to appeal the target audience. It has positive and good meaning in many ways and all people wants to be happy. Therefore, The selling idea with theme of happiness will be interesting and draw people to know more about Lays Seaweed by consuming it. This major help positioning the brand and creating a brand image because it creates unique selling position in promoting a happiness product. 6. Creative Strategy 7.1. Advertising Appeal Lays Seaweed advertisement is emotional appeal with happines and joy. The idea of the advertisement comes from the magic tree that can produce fresh potato. It called the magic tree because it has sparkles of firework to create delicious potato to become a fresh-cut- crispy potato chip that Lays use to the consumers. 7.2. Execution Style The execution style of this advertisement is dramatisation, because it is dramatized the pictured with a tree and form a firework and potato which burst out to become the potato chip with seaweed seasonings. 7.3. Creative Tactics Headline The headline of this advertising is â€Å"Happiness is closer than you think † This headline is leading position of the ad therefore it placed in the center of the advertisement with a portion of bigger writings than others. The purpose is to gain attention with the happiness in the capital size as it is the main word of the advertisement. It is considered as indirect headline because it provokes curiosity and motivates involvement of people to consume this Lays Seaweed. The headline is indirectly persuade people to eat Lays because it can create happiness, and happiness is easy to get as closer to the local groceries to buy Lays Seaweed. Subheadline The subheadline is placed under the headline with the yellow banner to support the headline. It is smaller the headline and larger than a copy And telling the product of the advertisement. Body Copy Body copy is the main text portion of a print ad. The body copy support the headline and subheadline to perform a good and effective advertisement. The body copy is persuading people to buy the product now and promise they will not regret to taste the Lays Seaweed. Visual Elements The visual elements of this advertisement is considered as colorful and fun with the elements of the potatoes tree and firework sparkle. The lays seaweed is placed on the down right of the advertisement to make consumers focus on the advertisement as much as the product. The visual elements compliment to each other with the background of a sunny day with green grass. The visuals convey a strong meaningful image and compliment the headline, subheadline and body copy. Layout Layout is the physical arrangement of the various parts of the ad – headline, copy and visual The layout of the advertisement is blended together to perform a finished advertisement. The layout is centered to enhance the focus of the people, so as the people see they will focus on the headline, the products image, the subheadline and the body copy as all of them are complimenting each other elements. The layout if full image and has no white space to let people focus on visual and enhance the use of effective advertisement. 7.4. Media Vehicle Media vehicle is the specific carrier, publication or promotional piece used to carry an advertising mesage (Belch & Belch, 2012). The advertisement will be exposed in a print media of popular magazine in Indonesia, in the big mall as an advertisement and as the point of purchase in groceries retailer. In the magazine, the advertisement will be placed on the back cover of magazine as it has more exposure rather than inside the pages of magazine. The reach of potential buyers exposed to the message are expected to be 60% of audiences who see the advertisement. The audience will be exposed to the message for several times, but not too much to ensure the customer attention and not as a disturbing advertisement. So, the frequency of being exposed to the media is from 3 – 10 exposures. While the coverage of the advertisement is people who live in urban city where the advertisement is placed, especially in the public places where people are passing by. The advantages of using this strategy are it is surely will gather consumer’s  attention about the advertisement as it is unique, colorful and interesting. The placement of this advertisement in public spaces where people move a lot and passed by will increase the brand awareness and store the brand advertising in their memory so that when they go to groceries shop, they want to buy and try the Lays Seaweed Flavor. The disadvantages is it is a passive advertising and some people may feel disturbed or dislike towards the advertisement because it did not match their perception. The company’s financial position is strong enough and capable to make this advertisement campaign works because it is a top company in Indonesian which are place in the top as the one of the company which having high gross profits and income in Indonesia 8. Conclusion & Recommendation Lays as one of brand under the PT Indofood company has been known as an international potato chip brand that is sold in many countries, especially in Indonesia. Lays comes in many flavors but the focus of the promotional campaign is the product of Lays Seaweed Flavor because it is a potential product to gain consumers interests and consumption. To create a creative IMC Plan, the target markets are divided into demographic, geographic, behavioral and psychographic. The IMC objectives of Lays Seaweed are determined through the response hierarchy and DAGMAR approach and focus urban and suburban market area with people aged between 10 -25 years old. The positioning strategy is product attributes and benefits with a new IMC mix of Public relations, and Point of Purchase which will strengthen the product position in the market. The creative strategy and the advertisement is created to enhance the creative platform in order to develop Lays Seaweed in new and different ways. Furthermore it i s recommended for the company to develop the public relations activities that benefits the development of young people physically and emotionally by creating an event such for teenagers such as bike for fun, competitions and contests other than sponsorships in order to create stronger values in the eyes of the target market. List of References Belch, B. &., 2009. Advertising and Promotion. 8th penyunt. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bloomberg Businessweek, 2014. Bloomberg Businessweek, viewed 6 May 2014 Circle K, 2014. Circle K Indonesia, viewed 6 May 2014 FritoLay, 2014. History., viewed 8 May 2014 Haight, D., 2005. Advertising and the future of print media. Pulp & Paper, 79(2), p. 64. Insights, S. B., 2014. US Framework and VALSâ„ ¢ Types. , viewed 8 May 2014 Lays Indonesia, 2014. Lays Indonesia Facebook, viewed 10 May 2014 Lays, 2013. Lays., viewed 5 May 2014 PT Indofood , 2010. Indofood CBP. , viewed 6 May 2014 Reid, D. M., 2001. Building Strong Brands through the Management of Integrated Marketing Communication. International Journal of Wine Marketing, vol. 14, no.3, pp. 37-50. Review, W. P., 2014. Indonesia World Population Review., viewed 8 May 2014 < http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/indonesia-population/> Riley, J., 2012. Promotion – public relations & sponsorship, viewed 10 May 2014 Strategic Business Insights, 2014. Stragegic Business Insights, viewed 10 May 2014 Sulung, A., 2010. Julie for Lay’s. , viewed 10 May 2014 Tanenbaum, K., 2014. Snack Food Rewind: A History of Our Favorite Treats. , viewed 8 May 2014 Zimuto, J., 2013. The Perception Of Small And Medium Enterprises (SMES) Marketing Managers on IMC Strategy in Zimbabwe. Journals of Arts, Science & Commerce, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 95-100.

Air pollution in Kawempe Division of Kampala, Uganda

Air pollution in Kawempe Division of Kampala, Uganda Hazard Word pictureIntroductionThe wellness effects of air pollution have been widely documented and assessed largely in North America and Europe, nevertheless air pollution in low- and middle-income states poses a great public wellness load that has non been decently assessed ( 1–6 ) . All right particulate affair comprised of atoms of width 2.5?g or less ( PM2.5) has been associated with mortality due to the development of cardiovascular or respiratory diseases and lung malignant neoplastic disease ( 3 ) . In the Kawempe Division in Kampala ( Uganda ) measurings of PM2.5from December 2013 and January 2014 were found to be above guideline bounds of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) bespeaking the demand for a consistent exposure appraisal of the air pollution and its wellness load in Uganda ( 7,8 ) .Hazard IdentificationAcute events of smog in the Meuse vale in Belgium and in London in 1933 and 1952, severally were among the first events that indicated the association between air pollution and mortality ( 9,10 ) . More late epidemiologic surveies quantified effects of chronic and ague exposures to poisons such as particulate affair, ozone, or benzine on wellness ( 3,11,12 ) . More specifically PM2.5exposure have been associated with inauspicious wellness results in big epidemiologic surveies in assorted scenes ( 8,13 ) . Chronic effects of exposure to particulate affair have been studied in prospective cohort surveies with big sample sizes and long follow-up periods in assorted locations such as the US, Canada, in Europe and China ( 2,4,5 ) . The first survey that associated cardiorespiratory and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality with PM2.5was published in 1993 by Dockery et Al ( 3 ) . In this first appraisal informations from six metropoliss with changing degrees of air pollution and mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases, lung malignant neoplastic disease, all causes of mortality and mortality from all other causes except cardiorespiratory diseases or lung malignant neoplastic disease was investigated. Following up to the â€Å"six metropoliss study† Laden et Al. in 2006 reported on the association between cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) mortality, lung malignant neoplastic disease and respiratory upsets ( 14 ) . Following up the same cohort and reanalyzing the information Lepeu le et Al. in 2012 besides confirmed the association between CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality with PM2.5exposures ( 15 ) . In 2002, Pope et Al. besides reported the consequences of a larger cohort with PM2.5measurings of 51 metropolitan countries in the US, reasoning besides that there is increased hazard of mortality at 4 % , 6 % and 8 % from all causes, CVD, and lung malignant neoplastic disease, severally with each 10?g/m3addition in PM2.5( 4 ) . Similar consequences were besides reported in the Canadian survey of Crouse et al. , 2012 in a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian grownups ( 16 ) . All these surveies set the scene for comprehensive wellness hazard appraisal of PM2.5. They provided cohesive and timely consequences from dependable beginnings on the fluctuations PM2.5and mortality fulfilling Hill’s standards.Exposure AppraisalKampala, the capital of Uganda has a population of about 1,500,000, it is the 2neodymiummost thickly settled territory in the state ( 17 ) . The Kawempe division of Kampala is located in the North of the metropolis and has a population of 338,312, with an estimated 84,240 above the age of 30 old ages ( 17 ) . Measurement of ambient PM2.5degrees took topographic point two yearss during winter 2012-2013 in the country of Mperewre of the Kawempe Division and they were reported as portion on a pilot survey published in 2014 ( 7 ) . The mean Autopsy2.5concentration for the topographic point measurings was 104.3?g/m3. It besides exceeds both the one-year and 24-hour WHO guideline values that are set at 10?g/m3and 25?g/m3, severally, and antecedently reported measurings in developed states ( 8 ) . The mensural PM2.5degrees are nevertheless consistent with measurings in other developing states. Datas from Asiatic metropoliss suggest that the high Autopsy2.5concentrations are non rare in developing scenes where monitoring is non routinely conducted. Harmonizing to the 2010 study of the Health Effects Institute on outdoor air pollution in the underdeveloped states of Asia the degrees of PM2.5can be every bit high as 150?g/m3( 6 ) . In the same study, for illustration, in Shenzhen and Guengzhou, in China, 24-hour mean summer concentrations of PM2.5were 35?g/m3Autopsy2.5was every bit high as 97.5?g/m3. Exposure appraisal of PM2.5effects on mortality in the Kawempe Division are hindered by the deficiency of one-year norm values that would reflect fluctuations in air pollution. However given the features of the country, where a landfill is located and the tendency for increased urbanisation in Uganda and its deductions ( i.e. increased traffic etc ) the high Autopsy2.5degrees in Mperewre may reflect the norm of PM2.5degrees in the location ( 18,19 ) . Within the range of the present exposure appraisal we are based on the premise that the mean of the available topographic point measurings reflects the average PM2.5degrees in the Kawempe division of Kampala. Based on the handiness of information we can non be certain about the PM2.5concentrations fluctuate in the country over clip and the derived decision might be over- or undervaluing the existent wellness effects of PM2.5wellness effects. Table 1 Autopsy2.5concentrations and meteoric parametric quantities on the yearss that measurement took topographic point harmonizing to Schwander et al. , 2014.December 31, 2012January 2, 2013Autopsy2.5 ­concentrations (?g/m ­3 ­)104.9103.7Average concentration (?g/m ­3 ­)104.3Meteorologic parametric quantitiesAverage temperature (0C ) [ min, soap ] 22.2 [ 18.9, 25.0 ]24.4 [ 20.6, 27.8 ]Dew point temperature (0C )18.920.0Mean wind velocity ( kilometers per hour ) [ max ] 8.1 [ 16.1 ]8.1 [ 19.3 ]Exposure-Response AnalysisThe exposure-response relationships between PM2.5and mortality from CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease have been antecedently studied in US populations by Laden et Al. ( six metropoliss study, follow-up ) and by Pope et Al. ( 4,14,22 ) . In the survey of Laden CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases were associated with exposure to PM2.5( 14 ) . Specifically a 10?g/m3addition in the mean Autopsy2.5was associated with comparative hazard ( RR ) of 1.28 ( 1.13-1.44, 95 % CI ) for CDV mortality and a RR of 1.27 ( 0.96-1.69, 95 % CI ) for lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality. In the survey of Pope et al. , 2002 for the same PM2.5incremental alteration addition in lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality was estimated at 8 % ( 4 ) . Both surveies, the 1993 survey of the six metropoliss and the Lepeule’s follow up have established the association between increased exposure to PM2.5and increased hazard for C VD and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality. The form of the exposure-response map nevertheless is non additive in all doses nor does it hold the same form for both results. The exposure-response map of mortality from CVD starts steep in low exposures and going flatter with increasing concentrations ( 22 ) . In the instance of lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality the exposure-response map is more additive and it is, as expected, more influenced by confounders ( i.e. smoke ) ( 22 ) . Additionally in all the aforesaid surveies the exposure-response maps have been established based on the effects of low exposures, normally below 50?g/m3. In Uganda, the age-adjusted mortality rate from lung malignant neoplastic disease is 2.7 among males and 2.4 among females ( per 100,000 ) while the same index for CVD is 276.7 and 250.7 per 100,000 population ( males and females, severally ) ( 20,21 ) . In order to gauge the figure of CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases attributed to 104?g/m3of ( assumed ) one-year exposure we will be based on the exposure-response maps for CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality developed by Pope et Al, 2011 that were derived from a prospective cohort of 1.2 million grownups ( & gt ; 30 old ages old ) and old surveies in the US which accounted for assorted confounders of exposure. They estimated the RR associated with different degrees of PM2.5exposure accounting for ambient air pollution, active coffin nail smoke and secondhand smoke to gauge the day-to-day norm inhaled dosage of PM2.5. The RR for each of the two results ( CVD and lung malignant neoplastic disease mortality ) was so calculated with the power map: RR=1+? ( dosage )?which corresponds to a nonlinear monotone map for which at zero dose the RR is equal to 1. Table 2 Exposure appraisal informationPopulation features( 17 )MalesFemalesEntireKawempe Division159,800178,512338,312Population above 30 old ages old ( 24.9 % * )39,79044,44984,240Kampala722,638793,5721,516,210Entire population16,935,45617,921,35734,856,813Age standardized decease rates per 100000( 20,21 )Cardiovascular diseases276.7250.7Lung malignant neoplastic disease2.72.4Entire figure of deceases in Kawempe territory for the those & gt ; 30 old ages oldCardiovascular diseases110111222Lung malignant neoplastic disease112RR estimations for both genders ( for dosage of PM2.5104?g/m3)Attributable hazard fractionNumber of instances attributed to PM2.5Cardiovascular diseasesRR=1+0.2685 ( dosage )0.27301.950.49108Lung malignant neoplastic diseaseRR=1+0.3195 ( dosage )0.743311.090.912Hazard Word pictureWith an estimated RR of 1.95 for CVD mortality due to PM2.5degrees of 104?g/m3the PM2.5-associated mortality instances in the entire population above 30 old ages old of Kawempe Division is about 108 ( Table 2 ) . The age standardized mortality rate for CVD – the primary wellness result that has been associated with increased air pollution – in Uganda is comparatively high contrary and future research is needed to decently gauge the fraction of instances attributed to air pollution which was comparatively high in this study ( 0.49, ( Table 2 ) . As expected given the to the low mortality rate of lung malignant neoplastic disease in the country and the fact it is confounded by other factors that could non be assessed in ( i.e. smoking ) we can non properly measure the impact of PM2.5on the figure of lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases in Kawempe Division. For the present analysis the informations used were compiled from assorted beginnings. Population estimations were taken from the probationary study on the 2014 nose count. Lung malignant neoplastic disease and CVD age standardized mortality rates were taken from GLOBOCAN and the WHO, severally. Therefore all computations are based on the premise that for the 2014 of Kawempe Division the mortality rates are the same as the last reported in the aforesaid beginnings. The fact that there is the information might non reflect the decently the features of the population is an of import restriction of this appraisal. Along with the fact that hazard estimations were based on surveies of lower Autopsy2.5degrees. Future research needs to be based on seasonably collected information and hazard theoretical accounts that account for the high exposures. Mentions 1. Katsouyanni K, Rimm EB, Gnardellis C, Trichopoulos D, Polychronopoulos E, Trichopoulou A. Reproducibility and comparative cogency of an extended semi-quantitative nutrient frequence questionnaire utilizing dietetic records and biochemical markers among Grecian school teachers. Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Jan 1 ; 26 ( suppl 1 ) : S118. 2. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr G, et Al. Air pollution and lung malignant neoplastic disease incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects ( ESCAPE ) . The Lancet Oncology. 2013 Aug ; 14 ( 9 ) :813–22. 3. Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, et Al. An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 Dec 9 ; 329 ( 24 ) :1753–9. 4. Pope III CA. Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-run Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. JAMA. 2002 Mar 6 ; 287 ( 9 ) :1132. 5. Cao J, Yang C, Li J, Chen R, Chen B, Gu D, et Al. Association between long-run exposure to outdoor air pollution and mortality in China: A cohort survey. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011 Feb 28 ; 186 ( 2–3 ) :1594–600. 6. HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee. Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute ; 2010. 7. Schwander S, Okello CD, Freers J, Chow JC, Watson JG, Corry M, et Al. Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Mpererwe District, Kampala, Uganda: A Pilot Study. J Environ Public Health [ Internet ] . 2014 [ cited 2015 Feb 26 ] ; 2014. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945229/ 8. WHO | Air quality guidelines – planetary update 2005 [ Internet ] . WHO. 2015 [ cited 2015 Mar 5 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/ 9. Bell ML, Davis DL. Reappraisal of the deadly London fog of 1952: fresh indexs of ague and chronic effects of acute exposure to air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Jun ; 109 ( Suppl 3 ) :389–94. 10. Nemery B, Hoet PH, Nemmar A. The Meuse Valley fog of 1930: an air pollution catastrophe. The Lancet. 2001 Mar ; 357 ( 9257 ) :704–8. 11. Kheirbek I, Wheeler K, Walters S, Kass D, Matte T. PM2.5 and ozone wellness impacts and disparities in New York City: sensitiveness to spacial and temporal declaration. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2012 Oct 12 ; 6 ( 2 ) :473–86. 12. Savitz DA, Andrews KW. Review of epidemiologic grounds on benzine and lymphatic and haematopoietic malignant neoplastic diseases. Am J Ind Med. 1997 Mar 1 ; 31 ( 3 ) :287–95. 13. US EPA O. Particulate Matter | Air & A ; Radiation | US EPA [ Internet ] . 2013 [ cited 2015 Mar 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epa.gov/pm/ 14. Laden F, Schwartz J, Speizer FE, Dockery DW. Decrease in Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Mar 15 ; 173 ( 6 ) :667–72. 15. Lepeule J, Laden F, Dockery D, Schwartz J. Chronic Exposure to Fine Particles and Mortality: An Drawn-out Follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012 Mar 28 ; 120 ( 7 ) :965–70. 16. Crouse DL, Peters PA, new wave Donkelaar A, Goldberg MS, Villeneuve PJ, Brion O, et Al. Hazard of Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter: A Canadian National-Level Cohort Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012 Feb 7 ; 120 ( 5 ) :708–14. 17. UBOS. National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Probationary consequences [ Internet ] . Uganda Bureau of Statistics ; 2014 Nov. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC 2014 PROVISIONAL RESULTS REPORT.pdf 18. Mwiganga M, Kansiime F. The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala – Uganda, on the environing environment. [ Internet ] . Makerere University – College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2012 [ cited 2015 Mar 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //caes.mak.ac.ug/research/research-publications/141-publications-for-2005/820-the-impact-of-mpererwe-landfill-in-kampala-uganda-on-the-surrounding-environment.html 19. Mwiganga M, Kansiime F. The impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala–Uganda, on the environing environment. Physicss and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 2005 ; 30 ( 11–16 ) :744–50. 20. WHO. Noncommunicable Diseases ( NCD ) Country Profiles – Uganda [ Internet ] . 2014 [ cited 2015 Mar 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/nmh/countries/uga_en.pdf? ua=1 21. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et Al. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [ Internet ] . GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0. 2013 [ cited 2015 Mar 5 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/ 22. Pope CA, Burnett RT, Turner MC, Cohen A, Krewski D, Jerrett M, et Al. Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011 Jul 19 ; 119 ( 11 ) :1616–21. Appendix – Analytica theoretical account File: Xanthi_Andrianou_RA_W4_Risk_characterization

Annual report about apple company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Annual report about apple company - Essay Example In order to provide differentiated and unique products, the company engages in innovation each year providing their consumers with products that use groundbreaking technology whose introduction to the market is backed by an effective marketing and advertisement strategy. Consequently, a combination of these approaches ensures that Apple Inc’s products become synonymous with cult-brands. Nonetheless, it is important to identify the objectives of the company in order to understand the marketing and advertisement strategy that the company uses to promote its products. Through providing innovative hardware, software, services, and peripherals, the company’s objective is to bring out the best user experiences by providing differentiated and unique products in terms of design and the operating systems, which sets them apart from the competitors (Apple Inc. 2012). For this reason, the innovation the company engages in provides consumers with new products and services that are superior in quality while being easy to use, provide seamless integration, and provide innovative designs. In effect, innovation has helped the company gain competitive advantage in the industry since its strategic approach ensures that the company produces differentiated products that provide it with a competitive edge whose innovations are not as unique and differentiated as Apple products. In the contemporary society, it is evident that information and technological innovations keep on evolving with various companies frequently producing new product offering. For this reason, companies operating in this sector face stiff competition due to these new products and services on offer. Nonetheless, a good marketing strategy ensures that Apple Inc. is able to compete effectively in the competitive business environment while also maintaining a competitive edge over its competitors. In order to effectively position the company to consumers in this competitive sector, the company has focu sed their marketing strategy by providing products with appealing designs, focused their product offering, and provided designs and products that are easy to use for their consumers (McDonald and Keegan 2002). Other than offering differentiated products, Apple Inc. practice market segmentation by dividing their marketing offering into five distinct segments. These segments are the consumer segment, Small and Medium-sized Business segment, education segment, enterprise segment, and government segment with each market segment provided with unique products from the company that meet the needs and preferences of consumers in each segment (Apple Inc. 2012). Under the education segment, the company offers products to consumers in educational institutions with the products on offer providing them with the requisite knowledge and set of skills that enhance their learning. In addition, the company offers special pricing for consumers in this category. On the other hand, government agencies a lso offer various products and services that specifically meet their needs and objectives of offering services to the public in a seamless approach. Similarly, other segments of the markets that the company offers are unique to the company seeking to provide products meant for each market segment with these products meeting the specific needs of the customers under

My Electronic Dictionary is Very Important to Me Essay

My Electronic Dictionary is Very Important to Me - Essay Example Chomsky continued that he â€Å"can find definitions for four or five words in one minute†. As an international student, the author understands and agree with Chomsky love of words. Knowing the meaning of various new words is essential for learning proper English. It is impossible to carry around a huge dictionary with me all the time. However, an electronic dictionary is something that helps me avoid all of the inconveniences. Everyone can benefit from the use of an electronic dictionary because â€Å"students and scholars of language, the electronic versions open up to our possibilities for the exploitation of dictionary texts that the print versions could not begin to offer". The reporter highlights that  "I use it to learn new words and I am not shy about using it in the conversations. How can I communicate effectively with people around me if I do not know the meaning of the words they say? I am very happy that I finally purchased an electronic dictionary. The dictionary is my constant companion and is always with me always. In many conversations, it helped me to find the right terms to use and not to make a fool of myself by saying something inappropria te. While my electronic dictionary is easy to use, the purchase of it was not quite as easy One day, when I went shopping with my parents to one of the department stores in our neighborhood, I saw an electronic English dictionary that was destined to be mine. It was well designed and offered amazing features. These characteristics caught my attention immediately. The dictionary, literally, mesmerized me with its smooth silvery case. I could not divert my eyes from it. I went closer to the shelf where it laid to have a better look at it. The list of available features in the dictionary was no less astonishing than its looks."

Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Policy - Essay Example Hence, the department has decided to come up with a program whose main aim is to educate members of the public on the importance of food safety. This program fits in the mission of my department in a number of ways. The main goal of my department is to protect all consumers who purchase fresh of processed farm produce in various outlets in the country. Hence, providing them with all relevant information on what they are supposed to do or check while making their purchases is very important. Furthermore, my department ensures that all products in the market are inspected and labeled before being offered for sale (Lancet 1). In relation to this, food borne illnesses cases have greatly increased in this 21st century (Food Drug and Administration 1). Therefore, my department has come up with various policies that aim at combating this threat. Firstly, it is the role of the agriculture department to ensure that consumers of both fresh and processed farm produce are protected. This is the reason why my department ensures that all products are inspected and labeled. Secondly, the department is also supposed to play the role of educating all consumers on the importance of food safety in their households. From a recent study, most households are affected by food borne illness. Most of them are not ignorant, but they lack they required information on what they are supposed to do or check when making their purchases. Hence, creating awareness on this issue will help to combat this threat. This new program aims at creating awareness in all states on issues related to food safety. The department plays it role by ensuring that all products offered for sale are inspected and labeled properly. However, most consumers lack information on issues that come up with issues of food poisoning. Therefore, my department wants to enhance public education as well as outreach

What do you think is the most significant change in correctional Essay - 1

What do you think is the most significant change in correctional policy in the last 100 year and why important - Essay Example In this system, culprits were sentenced to a fortification in a city square. â€Å"Punishments ranged from physical torture to corporal infliction of pain which were executed in public† (Latessa). However, in the southern states of America convicts were used to provide labor for the state and to the rich private entrepreneurs. Duffee asserts â€Å"Inmates were often held in chains where they worked together in private sector while living in poorly managed camps owned by rich businessmen†. The suffering, torture and other forms of mistreatment inflicted on the prisoners prompted political and human rights activists into action and immediately called for observance of human rights. This effort saw stoppage of prisoners’ labor in private firms. In addition, correctional facilities had to be established at a central location to ensure that basic facilities were availed in response to the convicts’ demands and reasons for the riot. Prisoners were subjected to a fairly just treatment and allowed to wear clothes though chained onto rings around their ankles. Several other changes in policies have taken place since then, with the most outstanding change in policy taking place after the First World War. Currently, the new prisons structures in the world have a provision for inmates’ education as well as other important facilities. But what goal should education serve in the prisoner’s life? Sutherland asserts thus â€Å"the objective of prison education in its broadcast sense should be socialization of inmates through varied impression and expressional activities, with emphasis on individual inmate needs†. Therefore the aim of educational programs in penal institutions should be to equip prisoners with necessary skills and the ability to view life in a positive attitude. The changes witnessed today is a product of political and human rights activism that

Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Media - Research Paper Example Despite the conventional assumption that social media suited the Millennial Generation, it is evident that Baby boomers have adopted social media as the contemporary form of communication. The question relating to the means in which social media has shaped an individual’s life shares almost similar answers from everyone who utilizes social media. As such, it is evident that social media has shortened communication channels, making it easier to reach out to people at low costs regardless of the physical distance. For instance, communicating abroad through mobile networks require additional charges unlike social media whereby all that is needed is a reliable internet connection. The reduced costs of communication that accompany social media have enhanced social interaction among peers. As such, social media has removed some of the inherent barriers to effective communication among individuals who could not afford the extra costs of communicating with people abroad. Social media has been embraced in the business world to enhance the process of establishing a global market. As such, various social media play different role in ensuring that the intended message is communicated as desired. For instance, Facebook and Twitter allow users to communicate in short messages also termed as â€Å"Micro blogs.† On the other hand, Instagram allows users to communicate in form of picture messages. LinkedIn takes a different approach and creates a platform for work professionals to share their profiles. As such, every aspect of social media is differentiated to ensure that the user needs are met without overlapping. The functions of different social media ensure that the services offered are all round, making it a comprehensive communication platform. Social media, being a comprehensive communication platform, has myriad drawbacks besides boasting of numerous benefits. The most evident benefit of social media is

Innovation and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation and Development - Essay Example But there are many obstacles to a real climate of development in those countries. One big issue is political corruption. This is one of the most difficult problems that need to be overcome for the developing countries to find a way out into higher levels of socioeconomic development. The United Nations through some of its institutions studies closely all the issues related to development and poverty reduction. Innovation policies will indeed help any developing country to find an appropriate climate for competition that can produce structural changes in favour of a real enhancement of the socioeconomic development. "According to World Development Report 1998 (WDR) in addition to taking advantage of the large global stock of knowledge, the developing countries should develop the capability to create knowledge at home. It also acknowledges that 'some types of knowledge must be built from the ground up'. This capability to create knowledge at home must encompass not only strategies to develop knowledge locally but also policies and mechanisms that will eventually enhance the capability of the nation to absorb knowledge. Together these would constitute public innovation policies in the developing-country context." As we can see from these assertions, innovation policies are necessary in order for the developing countries to adapt themselves to this new knowledge society in which the globalization process is a reality in every corner of the planet. Dr. Mani (2003) speaks about the market shortcomings in the following terms: "Further the recent Human Development Report 2001 of the UNDP also states that the market is a powerful engine of technological progress, but it is not powerful enough to create and diffuse technologies needed to eradicate poverty. Even in the network age, domestic policy still matters. All the countries, even the poorest, need to implement policies that encourage innovation, access and the development of advanced skills." Once again the need for innovation policies seems to be a priority in this new scenario of global restructuring among all the nations with a transition period from an industrial-manufacturing society to a knowledge society. But there is a very common problem in most of the developing countries regarding the lack of innovation policies or even the awareness of their existence as a tool that can increase the competitive advantage of any enterprise in any market leading to sustainable development thanks to the power of innovation. Dr. Mani (2003) addresses this problem as follows: "Most developing countries do not have a policy on innovation, as it is generally believed that developing countries do not engage in any innovative effort at all. At best they are expected to undertake incremental innovations, which are basically the adaptation of imported technologies to local conditions. But the recent growth experience of some of the developing countries and especially those from East Asia shows that they have become generators of new technologies." We have South Korea and Singapore as relevant

4G Security or Application Security on the Web Research Proposal

4G Security or Application Security on the Web - Research Proposal Example 4G technology is aimed in order to simplify wireless abilities, network speeds, and enhanced pictorial expertise. The characteristics of these telecommunication technologies have increased the concern about network security. As wireless system has diverse copyrighted technologies and security etiquettes, it is hard to make a universal security plan for the devices which apply multiple etiquettes such as 4G system (Akyildiz, Gutierrez-Estevez, & Reyes, 2010). Background of Study 4G requires an exclusive approach in telecommunication technology for developing operative models to accomplish its strategic objectives. The requirement of 4G networks is associated with the increased utilization of websites (such as Facebook) and improvement in download speed from internet portals which entail remarkable bandwidth (such as YouTube videos). As these websites are gaining much admiration within people nowadays, therefore it is a great prospect for telecommunication service providers to accommod ate the desires of people. However, there are a few security concerns that telecommunication provides need to address and resolve for better service (Ahmed, Garrison, Gruen, Kelly, & Pankey, 2003). Literature Review The first 4G network was developed in the year 2009 through joint venture between two organizations, Intel and Clearwire. Gradually, this technology has expanded throughout cities, states and nations all over the world. 3G networks were initially developed with the intention of forming a standard in the world for telecommunication, and the motive behind developing 4G network is to allow people to access internet independently from devices such as mobile phones. But in order to provide the enhanced facilities, there is need for high security patterns and reliability of system to ensure safe surfing. The security measures should be established in such a way so that it can enable data transmission with minimum risk (Gobjuka, 2009). Security in 4G networks generally consist of verification, privacy, reliability and authorization in order to gain network connectivity. The 4G technology is incorporated with ‘quality of service’ (QoS) and flexibility. Besides, it is also considered that the network terminal of 4G always chooses the best access point available. In the wireless network there are several security breaches that occur such as channel congestion, denial of service (DOS), illegal access, session hijacking and snooping among others. Though the issue of security had been solved mostly through utilizing manifold layers of encryption etiquette, but there are other drawbacks in this system such as unexploited power, wasted energy and greater transmission interruption. In 4G systems the model of interlayer safety network had been developed, where only a single layer is constructed for data encryption (Gardezi, 2006). But 4G needs more development with respect to mobile node (MN) flow while users roam into new telecommunication providerâ⠂¬â„¢s network (Fu, Hogrefe, Narayanan, & Soltwisch, 2004). Problem Statement The research is planned to concentrate on the security issues of 4G on the web. It is quite difficult to quantify the security risks of 4G network and what difficulties it can face from several fronts. There is need to search a definable method to establish a balance between practical application of 4G network and necessary security levels in order to ensure safety of users’ data and resources. Therefore, this research will aim at

The Supernatural in Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The Supernatural in Macbeth Essay The supernatural is always a vehicle for evil Using language and literary techniques, discuss to what extent you agree with this statement in Macbeth with reference to The Weir. Shakespeares play Macbeth, written in the Jacobean era, and Conor McPhersons play The Weir, set in rural Ireland, both include supernatural elements which help the plays progression. However, both plays are about entirely different things; Macbeth is a play in which the main character plots to kill the King, whereas The Weir focuses a lot more on companionship and the importance of a community as well as the effects of loneliness. In Act 1 Scene 1 of Macbeth, the setting, A desolate place helps to create an ambiguous and misty atmosphere right from the beginning whilst the weather choice of Thunder and lightning forewarns the audience of negative events and adds to the sense of equivocation, which is achieved through paradox like when the battles lost, and won. James I himself believed in witches and so did most of society in general therefore by including the supernatural, Shakespeare was clearly making the play relevant to his audience, as they would have believed in such matters. The opening interrogative, When shall we three meet again? suggests that the witches are up to something which could be interpreted as the supernatural being meddlesome, if not evil. The minor declarative Upon the heath shows the witches making a prediction, alluding to the fact that a Jacobean audience would have believed in them having certain powers. Iambic tetrameter such as And thrice again, to make up nine makes their speech sound chant-like, indicating something unusual about them as their speech contrasts with the blank verse of the other characters. The supernatural first occurs in The Weir when Jack begins his story about Maura Nealons house being built on what youd call that road where the fairies would come. The suspension marks highlights Jacks uneasiness when talking about the supernatural, and though he goes on to say that it isnt a true story, it is clear that he is moved by it. Shakespeares use of blank verse in Macbeth links to the dramatic tradition of the time and contrasts with the highly naturalistic style of speech used by McPherson, such as the interrogative Why not, says you, ha? (Finbar) which helps to portray the Irish vernacular of the characters in the bar, whilst the tag question ha? helps the characters to interact. Banquos interrogative why do you start and seem to fear? in Act 1 Scene 3 suggests that the witches predictions may be ones that Macbeth has already thought about, or desired, before. Here, the supernatural could be considered a vehicle for evil as the scene begins with the witches talking about how they will torture the farmer for his wifes actions. However, their prophecies are somewhat neutral and so it seems that Macbeth acts of his own will, rather than committing the murder because of the supernatural. The debate of Fate vs. Free Will was common in the Jacobean era and people believed in witches and such folklore therefore their presence could be merely to fulfil audience expectations rather than as a vehicle for evil. The witches simply spot the weakness in Macbeth and let him believe it is his fate, suggesting that they may be evil themselves but dont create evil in others. Banquos question to Macbeth shows how the witches are tempting Macbeth to proceed with an evil course of action that he has already thought about. Similarly, The Weir uses interrogatives but in the form of tag questions such as here, wouldnt it be?. Finbar seems to be seeking reassurance from the other characters which is similar to Macbeth in that Macbeth often seeks reassurance from Lady Macbeth, highlighting her as the dominant figure in their relationship. Similar to Macbeth, where the setting is upon a heath, the bar in The Weir is situated in an isolated place, which could be viewed as something typical of a ghost story, allowing a sense of mystery to build up. Declaratives such as which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem/ To have thee crowned withal in Act 1 Scene 5 highlight how Lady Macbeth believes that both fate and the witches want Macbeth to be King and the imperative look like thinnocent flower/ But be the serpent undert reflects how Lady Macbeth herself is portrayed she appears to be innocent and friendly but, as indicated by the contrastive conjunction but, she is instead planning treacherous acts, reflecting the plays theme of appearance versus reality. Saying that she will pour her spirits in thine ear suggests that the witches, who are arguably the main supernatural element of the play, only have a limited amount of power which they use to their advantage, and that evil actually resides in humans themselves. Shakespeare seems to be suggesting that everyone is responsible for the actions they take, which could reflect the growing belief in Humanism during the Renaissance. Such references reflect the time in which Shakespeare was writing, as do archaisms such as the second person archaic pronoun thy, which could be expressing Lady Macbeths belief that Macbeth is inferior to her. Shakespeare is also touching on the theme of appearance versus reality which is clear throughout the play. The serpent could be a reference to Satan in the Garden of Eden, highlighting how sinister and dark Lady Macbeths character really is. Contrastingly, the characters in The Weir do not make any implications of one being more inferior to the other. McPherson use of humour shows irreverence for characters, usually Finbar, such as the interrogative you were making it all up, werent you?. This helps to create a chain of adjacency pairs, allowing the characters to interact, which is central to the plays theme of companionship and to an extent presents the supernatural as something that shouldnt be taken too seriously. Humour is also used in Macbeth, by the Porter (2.3), which presents itself in a satirical way. Such humour would not be as familiar to a modern day audience as it was to the Jacobean audience, therefore many modern directors choose not to include it. Macbeths fatal vision in Act 2 Scene 1 symbolises the bloody course upon which he is about to embark and is part of his fatal flaw which leads to his downfall, as well as presenting the theme of appearance versus reality again. His interrogative, questioning whether it is a dagger of the mind caused by his heat-oppressed brain highlights his stress and tension, and the use of the premodifying adjective heat-oppressed signifies just how extreme this stress that he is feeling is, as committing regicide is a sin that cant be forgiven. An audience in the Jacobean era would know that Macbeth is about to break the Great Chain of Being and at the same time Shakespeare was maintaining the idea of the Divine Right of Kings a doctrine hugely believed in by the Christians of the time. By maintaining this, Shakespeare could be showing King James place in society and suggesting that no one should challenge Kingship. The tragedy therefore has a didactic purpose as it shows the audience what the consequences of such actions would be. The parallel analogy of Tarquin violating an innocent emphasizes the extremity of what Macbeth is about to do and the use of opposites, mentioning to heaven or to hell, builds up an antithesis between good and evil and shows his acknowledgement that both exist. The audience is left to wonder whether the dagger is simply a figment of Macbeths guilty mind, or whether it is being caused by a supernatural force. This could be considered similar to Jims story of Declan Donnelly where he says And wed been having the few little drinks showing how he searches for a loophole in the possibility that the supernatural exists. The fronted coordinating conjunction And conveys how he is building up reasons to show that the ghost might not have been real and the stage direction of A little laugh highlights his uneasiness. McPherson seems to be suggesting that the supernatural does exist and that humans need to have beliefs and that it is this need to believe which makes us humans. The slight doubt here would be crucial to a ghost story and to a play being watched by an audience as it would add an air of mystery. In Act 3 Scene 4 dramatic irony such as play the humble host makes Macbeths previous actions seem even worse as it reminds the audience that Macbeths behaviour is a pretence. Lady Macbeths asides to Macbeth (Are you a man?) along with his responses (Ay, and a bold one) draw attention to her being more partner in their relationship as she questions his masculinity, and portrays her in a negative light by showing she is more concerned with getting caught than feeling guilty. Aristotles idea of Peripeteia could be surfacing in this part of the play as Macbeths fortune is slowly being reversed. Here, the supernatural is perhaps presented in a good way and, from a Freudian point of view, Macbeths repressed feelings seem to be manifesting before his eyes, which is possibly the power of good over evil. Macbeths imperative, telling the ghost to Avaunt and quit [his] sight! highlights the extremity of his current guilt. This is furthered through it also being an exclamatory, and the use of the pronoun my could reflect how solely he feels the guilt, rather than Lady Macbeth also feeling it. The supernatural in this scene could suggest that justice is being served, and Macbeths reaction to the ghost could be his punishment for his previous action. Likewise, in The Weir, the supernatural is portrayed in a positive way as it is used as a source to unite the characters in the pub. This is shown in Finbars comment Valerie, love, nobodys going to. McPhersons use of the contraction nobodys along with the term of endearment love helps to mimic natural speech and also shows how close the characters have become after having spoken for the night, touching the plays theme of companionship. Hecates use of adjectives such as spiteful and wrathful in Act 3 Scene 5 highlight how she believes Macbeth wasnt worth the trouble, whilst the coordinating conjunction and furthers this notion. The use of rhyming couplets such as illusion/confusion enforces Hecates power when she shows her displeasure and the pairing of the two abstract nouns suggests that the witches themselves cause confusion which is achieved through an illusion. Shakespeare may have been suggesting that witchcraft isnt capable of evil but can trigger things that have already been thought about (1.3). It is arguable that the witches have overreached, which forms a parallel with Macbeths situation and conforms to Aristotles ideas. This scene is often omitted from productions as it may draw too much focus on the witches, making them seem a central part to Macbeths action, and in turn making free will seem less important. The imperative Get you gone highlights authority over the other two witches and diminishes their power as they are being told off. This implies that the supernatural is not a vehicle for evil, as the witches do not have much power to start with. Unlike Macbeth, McPherson shows normal human-beings meddling with the supernatural rather than vice versa. Finbars self mockery, like the low laugh helps the audience watching to see the tale as genuine by showing his stifled fear. To balance the sinister atmosphere created by his story about a woman at the bottom of the stairs, humour is used such as Luigi board! followed by taboo lexis, Ah fuck off, to highlight familiarity between the characters and articulate a lack of refinement as well as a distinct honesty in them. Equivocation in Act 4 Scene 1 such as for none of woman born leads Macbeth to believe he cant be killed, and presents the witches as yet again interfering. The stage directions, which would be important considering it is a play, show the witches dance, and vanish highlighting some level of power, but doesnt portray them as evil. The apparition of an armed head could symbolize how Macbeth himself will be killed at the end of the play, however, the witches present fate to him in an equivocal and esoteric way. Many references to time are made, such as Time, thou anticipatst my where Macbeth uses the vocative Time to personify it and emphasise how he is in battle with it. The many references to time, also including from this moment and even now indicate how time is of the essence for Macbeth and that he will be killed soon. As well as this, it helps to create irony as Macbeth is actually making decisions, even though they are the wrong ones, which shows that the evil is emanating from a human being. Shakespeare, within the realms of the Jacobean era, was again highlighting the dominance of free will over fate and could have been showing that overreaching can lead to social deformation. In this scene, the supernatural is shown to have some level of power, but at the same time the audience is aware that Macbeth is making his own decisions when deciding to have Macduff killed (thou shalt not live). Unlike Macbeth, The Weir does not pay much attention to the matter of man being a responsible agent for his own evil actions. Instead, it presents more positive feelings about humans, such as the barmans gesture of a sandwich is just such a small thing, highlighting how the smallest of actions can have a big impact, and also helps to restore Jacks faith in others. In spite of the many differences between Macbeth and The Weir, it is clear that the supernatural has a pivotal role in both. Overall, I believe that the supernatural is not a vehicle for evil in Macbeth, and that the inclusion of supernatural elements is merely to emphasise how evil resides within each human being themselves, which is emphasised through Shakespeares use of equivocation and also the theme of free will vs. fate. The final effect of the supernatural in Macbeth is that it causes destruction, whereas McPherson uses it to bring the characters together, therefore portraying it as a bonding agent as it gives them a shared experience. The supernatural, such as the witches, in Macbeth, in my opinion are only there to cause mischief and aid the plays progression. In both, the supernatural is far from a vehicle for evil, but could maybe be considered as a vehicle for catharsis as it helps to express the characters inner thoughts and feelings.

Chronemics and Proxemics

Chronemics and Proxemics We are living in an era where communication is crucial. We are communicating in order to achieve something, to express our feelings or to sort out some problems; we communicate to get someone to do something, to behave in a certain way. We can do all these things saying nothing at all. Our body does all the talking. At this conclusion got Albert Mehrabian whose research material showed that the verbal messages without tone or inflection of the voice have only 7 % impact. The remaining 93% consists of tone of voice and other sounds occurring during the speech act and non-verbal cues, 38% and 55% respectively. Non-verbal communication falls into seven categories: Paralanguage, Proxemics, Haptics, Chronemics, Artifacts, Kinesics, Environment, Paralanguage is the science of vocal qualities that usually accompany speech. It includes the rhythm, pitch and the tempo of our voice, also our crying, snoring or laughing. Through paralanguage we can say what it is the emotional state f a person if he is sad, happy nervous or even if he is sincere. Some cultures rely on paralanguage especially on the tone of voice, to tell the meaning of the words. These languages are Thai, Vietnamese or Chinese. Proxemics refers to how near people are to something or to other people. E. T. Hall coined the term of proxemics from the Latin root prox- and the suffix -emic as in proximity and systemic. He defined it as the science that studies how people usually organize their space, their houses and the places where they work. Proxemics has three fundamental areas: space, distance and territory. According to proxemics spatial extension, Hall proposed a classification of this behavior. His theory states that the proxemic behavior covers up three dimensions: micro-, meso-, and macrospace. Microspace deals with the immediate surroundings (Proxemics:The Semiotics of Space p411) of a person, this space is considered more private, mesospace is the further proximate environment within the persons reach (Proxemics:The Semiotics of Space p411) and macrospace is the space that extends over vast territories ending by covering up cities. In what concerns the distance area of the interaction, Hall identifies four levels of distances: Intimate distance is up to 45 cm from the body, the individual does not allow everyone in this space, since it requires extensive contact. The personal distance is the invisible barrier that someone builds in order to separate him from the other people. It extends from 45 to 120 cm. The social distance ranges from 120 to 360 cm; this type of distance we often meet in classrooms and in different kinds of meetings. From 360 cm further we talk about the public distance, where the person it is outside his circle of activities, events, interests. This is the perfect distance desired by strangers. Haptics, or the tactile communication, sometimes is used to replace the speech act even if it is considered the most primitive way of communication. Edward Hall showed in his studies that there are cultures that tend to encourage touching and some cultures that do not. Contact cultures are many Central American cultures as well as many south European countries. In Thailand, Sri Lanka touching the head is restricted because the head is considered to be sacred. The nature of haptics is influenced not only by the culture but also by the relationship between the interacting people, by their age, by the situation, and the duration of the touching act, as well as by its location, if it is done in private or publicly; it is also influenced by the relative pressure of the touch and by its intentional or accidental nature. Chronemics refers to the non-verbal channel of time, especially how people perceive the notion and the value of time. It is a powerful tool to know how to organize your time and how to react in time. People agendas, their lifestyle, their patience to wait and listen are affected by the correct use of time. Time is perceived differently in every corner of the world. For people in the United States, time is something concrete, perceptible. To them it can be bought, saved, wasted and measured; they plan what they want to do and to happen. For Arabs instead, an individual who wants to know his future is seen as irreligious or insane, because in their culture only God can say what will or will not take place. Artifacts, though as irrelevant as it seems at first, are important factors of our non-verbal behavior. Our belongings show who we really are, they help us to reveal our true identity and separate us from the group. Sometimes you can recognize a persons culture by what he or she wears. You will presume clearly that a man dressed in a kimono is from Japan and a woman who wears a veil belongs to a Muslim country. The environment like all the artifacts contains information too. People only have to decode this information. The things we surround ourselves with, provide non-verbal cues which tells lots of things about us. The way, in which we decorate our house, factors such as furniture, colors, temperature, noise, and even music may have a direct effect on people. Many supermarkets strategically use the environmental factors to place products. Childrens products are placed on lower shelves so they could be easy to see and all the products that can be bought impulsively are placed near exit areas where they are more easily to grab. Kinesics is the category of non-verbal communication that includes facial expressions, eye gaze, gestures and posture. Any part of the body that can be moved also can be used to send non-verbal messages. The basic channels of kinesics are the face, hands and arms. Unlike other body parts these ones, are highly expressive. 1.2. Body Language as a Science (Kinesics) We act and react to one another through more ways than we can imagine; these ways does not always involve words. Most of the messages we send to other people are nonverbal; they include our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and posture. Throughout years, many scholars and anthropologists like Ray Birdwhistell were concerned with the study of this type of communication that is called kinesics, with its evolution, development and its distinctions among the cultures. A useful scheme of non-verbal behavior was suggested in 1969 by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen. They proposed five categories of non-verbal movement which are: emblems, regulators, illustrators, affect displays, and adaptors. Emblems are direct communication signals that indicate certain words; they are used especially when verbal communication is problematic. These signs made by our hands, shoulders, or facial movements may also replace a word and can stand for a reply without any verbal messages. Regulators unlike the three movements mentioned above, interact with the actions and the movements of another person. These movements form stimulants for other individual to speak quickly or to slow down while talking. We can use these regulators in a positive manner, to encourage someone to speak, or in a negative way by making him loose his interest in talking. Illustrations accompany verbal messages; they are made by our hands, head or even feet. Usually they back up the verbal message, helping us to get through a difficult idea. The term affect display stands for emotional expressions, those movements of the face or of the body that have a hide emotional content like anger, happiness, disappointment, rage. The signals are involuntary and may happen whenever something provokes an emotion even if these things are environmental factors like beautiful landscapes, thunders or sunrises. Manipulators initially were called adaptors; they represent daily behaviors that are used to make a person feel comfortable in a social interaction. These are actions that include our hands pressing something, fingers scratching the palm or playing with a pencil or a piece of clothing. The phenomenon of Kinesics has known an outstanding increase in the last decade, the ability to understand and to use nonverbal cues, body signals being a powerful tool that can help us connect with others, navigate in challenging situations, express what we really mean and thus building better relationships. 1.3. The Functions of Non-Verbal Communication The overall functions of body language as well as of the non-verbal communication are: Accenting When we interact, we pay attention to the meaning of the message. For example, when someone is angry and he verbally expresses this anger, he will accent this feeling further more by shaking his fist while talking. Moderating Moderating is the opposite part of accenting; it seeks to reduce attention on the message; you attenuate a part of the message you send, in different ways and you transform it by making it difficult to understand. Moderating happens when you talk faster than usual. Complementing Complementing is considered similar to accenting, but covers a wider part of the message. It goes hand in hand with verbal messages; when we are talking about sad things we lower our head and we use a sad tone in order to accent those sad things we are talking about. Substituting Sometimes non-verbal language is simply the best way in which you can communicate. Whenever there are things that are better left unsaid, we use the substituting function. We replace the words with non-verbal language. People are used to these non-verbal signals; they learn to identify gestures, facial expressions as corresponding with certain feelings and intentions. Contradicting Contradicting means sending non-verbal messages that disagree with what is being said. These non-verbal cues are done either intentionally, to confuse a person by changing the message or it may happen at the subconscious level when somebody tells a lie. Regulating Regulating consists of those non-verbal signals, regulators, which we use to send signals to another person. Usually these are signals related to the speech of the other individual. It is used around starting and ending speech you send some signals that will make him either speak faster or stop talking. Repeating Repeating with non-verbal cues happens like in complementing or accenting, but with a certain interval between the verbal and non-verbal communication. After you say something and there was no reaction, a gesture or a facial expression will reinforce the verbal message you sent earlier. Deceiving Non-verbal signals can be used to lie. It is not easy to send this kind of messages; you must be in perfect control of your all facial muscles in order to deceive someone. Saying you did not do it, while sounding insulted at the accusation, or rubbing your nose are only some of the signs that show the fact that you are lying.

Wages Of Sport Athletes :: essays research papers

Wages of Sport Athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How would you like to be paid twenty-three million dollars a year ? It is obvious to say that everyone would more than love it. This figure is only one of the many outrageous wages athletes are being paid today. True, not all twenty-three million dollars goes directly to the athlete because of Uncle Sam. Still these figures are too extreme regardless of the sport, baseball, football or basketball. The athletes here in the United States are without a doubt the greatest on earth. The only problem is so are their wages. Although the athletes pay indicates the greatness of their individual ability, the amount earned per year is way beyond reason. Due to these great wages being paid in particularly in the sport of basketball, the games greatness is being lost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One example of the extreme pay an athlete can achieve is shown by an athlete named Michael Jordan. This basketball player is being paid thirty million dollars for the 96 - 97 season. Last year for the season of 95 - 96, Jordan was only being paid 3.5 million. While being paid this salary, Jordan hardly ever complained too much even though the amount Jordan was being paid was very low for the NBA. During this season Jordan never made any kind of statement about quitting or even leaving for another team to make the money he may deserve. Other players such as Shaq (Shaquille O'neil), and Reggie Miller, and even teammate Dennis Rodman have been known to say things like this. The only difference between Jordan and the other athletes is that Jordan seems to have a great devotion towards his team and the other players do not have the same loyalty or devotion. The circumstances appear that Jordan might actually play for the mere love of the game, while others only play for the love of money. Regardless of the motivation for playing the sport, a salary of 30 million dollars is outrageous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you were to break down this thirty million dollars into different categories such as how much money Jordan earns per game, the true outrageousness will appear. For instance over an eighty-two game season Jordan will be paid $365,854 a game. That is more than any middle and even most upper class people make in one year. In one single game, it is hard to believe that one man could make more than one person for a year.

Medicine and Drugs - Direct to Consumer Pharmaceutical Marketing Essay

The Problems of Direct to Consumer Pharmaceutical Marketing      Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1997, the Food and Drug Administration relaxed its restrictions on direct-to-consumer marketing of pharmaceuticals. Prior to this ruling, drug manufacturers were prohibited from mentioning both the name of the drug and its indications in consumer-directed advertisements without also including a large amount of technical information about the drug, including all known side effects, contraindications, and dosage recommendations (Stevens, 1998). In addition to interfering with the appeal of the advertisements, such requirements rendered broadcast ads infeasible due to time constraints, and hindered ads in print media due to cost and space availability. These requirements were abolished in the 1997 FDA policy changes, and pharmaceutical companies were permitted to market drugs by name as treatments for specific conditions, with the minimal requirement that ads give mention to major risks identified in clinical trials (Melillo, 2001). As a result, manufacturer expenditures on direct-to-consumer advertising, which totaled $791 million in 1996, rose to $2.6 billion for the year 2000 (Mitchell, 2001). Television, radio, and print media became saturated with ads promoting treatments for conditions ranging from depression to high cholesterol. Names such as Zoloft, Claritin, and Lipitor, which were previously known mostly to health professionals, quickly became part of the national vocabulary. Consequently, spending on prescription drugs has increased significantly over the past several years as consumers are enticed to seek advertised medications (HealthBizNews.com, 2001).    This new face of drug marketing has sparked a raging debate about the accompanying e... ...e of drug advertising?" Business Week. May 22, 2000. p52. Melillo, Wendy. "Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising Under Fire Senate to Determine if Such Work Hikes Prescription Costs." Adweek. May 21, 2001. Mitchell, Steve. "Drug advertising raises concerns." www.msnbc.com. 2001. Miller, Susan. "Rx view: DTC Ads Provide the Right Prescription." Brandweek. June 2 29, 1998. "Selling Drugs." American Demographics. January, 1998. p. 26. Shapiro, Joseph and S. Schultz. "Prescriptions: How your doctor makes the choice." US News and World Report. February 19, 2001. p. 58. Stevens, Tim. "To Your Health." Industry Week. September 7, 1998. p. 56. "Subcommittee Hears Debate on Cosumer Drug Advertising." www.healthbiznews.com. 2000. Tanner, Lindsey. "Health and Science: Doctors propose ban on drug advertising." Nando Times. www.nando.net. June 18, 2001.

Itm †Organizations, Management and the Networked Enterprises

In 2008, ICT (Information and communication technologies) sector of the Canadian economy totaled $59. 2 billion Cellphones, delivery service, social medias, internet advertising are growing and growing Three changes 1) emerging mobile digital platform (iphone, bb, netbooks ) 2) growth of online software as a service and 3) the growth in â€Å"cloud computing† where more and more business software runs over the Internet > organizations can rely more on telework, remote work and distributed decision making, think decentralization, firms can outsource more work, and rely on markets rather than employees to build value. It also means that firms can collaborate with suppliers and customers to create new products or make existing ones more efficiently. Thomas Friedman world is now â€Å"flat†, Internet and global communications had greatly reduced the economic and cultural advantages of developed countries. Digital firms: most of significant business relationships (with customers, suppliers, and employees) of an organization are digital. Core business process are accomplished through digital networks spanning the entire organization or linking multiple organizations. Key corporate assets- interellectual property, core competencies, and financial and human assets are managed through digital means. Time shifting ( 24/7) and space shifting (globally accomplished) are the norm There is a growing interdependence between a firms information systems and its business capabilities, changes in strategy, rules, and business processes increasingly require changes in hardware, software, databases, and telecommunications. What the organization would like to do depends on what its systems will permit to do. Six strategic business objectives: 1) OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE- improve efficiency and productivity to achieve higher profitability. Eg Walmart,linked supplier, stocking just-in-time 2) NEW PRODUCTS, SERVICES AND BUSINESS MODELS ( which describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth). Eg: Ipod/apple/itunes deliverying music 3) CUSTOMER AND SUPPLIER INTIMACY- satisfied customers will return purchasing more and engaged suppliers lowers costs. Eg: Mandarin Oriental in London, England hotel record the preference of customer and store data to program the room conditions as desired. Nygard suppliers are informed expecting just-in time delivery, inventory is near zero as storage cost. 4) IMPROVED DECISION MAKING- using real time data from the marketplace when making decisions. Eg: Trimac, uses a dashboard project 5) COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES: achieving one or more of these business objectives. Eg: Toyota Motor Company high level of efficiency and quality. TPS( Toyota Production System) focuses on organizing work to eliminate waste, make improvements, optimizing customer value, producing vehicles based on what customers actually ordered. 6) SURVIVAL- because they have to keep up with the industry and business- Eg: all banks had to implement ATM machines IT(Information Technology): all hardware and software that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives. ( hadware, software, programs, applications) Information systems are complex and can be best understood by looking at them from both a technology and a business perspective. It’s a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization as well as help analyzing problems, visualize complex subjects and create new products. It contains information (data-raw unprocessed fact- that have been shaped into meaningful and useful) about significant people, places and things within the organization or in the environment surrounding it. Eg: supermarket checkout counters scan data from bar codes that can be totaled and analyzed to provide meaningful information. Four activities in information system to produce information: 1) Input: captures or collects raw data from the org of external environment 2) Processing: converts raw input into meaningful form. 3) Output: transfers processed information to people or activities that will be used for 4) Feedback: output that is returned to appropriate members of organization to help them evaluate or correct the input and processing stages. computers provide equipment for storing and processing information *computer programs or software’s are sets of operating instructions that direct and control computer processing information systems literacy- technical dimensions of a system computer literacy- knowledge of information technology MIS(Management information Systems) deals with behavioural and technical issues surrounding the development use and impact of information sys tems used by managers and employees in a firm. Dimensions: )ORGANIZATIONS: pyramid with upper levels of hierarchy consisting of managerial, professional and technical employees and lower levels operational personnel (authority and responsibility levels) -senior managemet: long- range strategic decisions about products and services and ensures financial performance of the firm -middle management: carries out programs and plans of senior management Knowledge workers: engineers, scientists, design products or services and create new knowledge for the firm -operational management: responsible for monitoring the daily activities of the business. Data workers: secretaries or clerks, assist with paperwork at all levels of the firm Production or service workers: produce the product and deliver the service. Major business functions: Sales and marketing, Manufacturing and production, Finance and accounting, Human resources. Culture-fundamental set of assumptions, values and ways of doing things that has been accepted by most of its members 2) MANAGEMENT: make sense, make decisions, formulate action plans to solve organizational problems. They must exercise responsible leadership. They must do more than manage what exists, by creating new products and services and re-creating organization from time to time. 3)INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(INFRASTRUCTURE): one of many tools managers use to cope with change, which provides foundation or platform on which the firm can build its specific information systems. computer hardware- physical equipment used for input, processing and output activities in an information system. Includes computers of various sizes including mobile devices, various input output and storage devices, and telecommunication devices that link computers together. Computer software- detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the computer hardware components in an information system Data management technology- consists of the software governing the organization of data on physical storage media Networking and telecommunications technology- consists of both physical devices and software, links the various pieces of hardware and transfers data from one physical location to another. A network links two or more computers to share data or resources, such as a printer. The internet (a business necessity and a competitive advantage) is a global network of networks that uses universal standards to connect millions of different networks with more than 1. 4 billion users in more than 230 countries. Intranets- internal corporate networks Extranets private intranets extended to authorized users outside the organization . World wide web> service provided by Internet that uses universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting and displaying information in a page format on the Internet (web pages). g IS are part of a series of value-adding activities for acquiring, transforming, and distributing information that managers can use to improve decision making, enhance organizational performance, and , ultimately increase firm profitability complementary assets: assets required to derive value from a primary investment- organizational and managerial capital Important organizational investments: supportive business culture that values efficiency and effectiveness, an appropriate business model, efficient business processes, decentralization of authority, highly distributed decision rights, and a strong information system development team. Important managerial investments: strong senior management support for change, incentive systems, that monitor and reward individual innovation, an emphasis on teamworl and collaboration, training programs, and a management culture that values flexibility and knowledge Important social investments: internet, supporting internet culture, educational systems, network and computing standards, regulations and laws and the precense of technology and service firms. IS are sociotechnical systems but are composed by machines devices and hard physical technology that require substancial social, organizational and intellaectual investments to make them work properly Technical Approach: Management Science, Computer Science Operations Research Behavioural approach: Psychology, Economics, Sociology Socio-technical approach: the performance of a system is optimized when both the technology and the organizational mutually adjust to one another until a satisfactory fit is obtained.